diff --git a/changedetectionio/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/__init__.py
index ea45cd141..1fff0050d 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/__init__.py
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ def sigshutdown_handler(_signo, _stack_frame):
         from changedetectionio.flask_app import update_q, notification_q
         update_q.close()
         notification_q.close()
-        logger.debug("Janus queues closed successfully")
+        logger.debug("Queues closed successfully")
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.critical(f"CRITICAL: Failed to close janus queues: {e}")
+        logger.critical(f"CRITICAL: Failed to close queues: {e}")
     
     # Shutdown socketio server fast
     from changedetectionio.flask_app import socketio_server
@@ -124,13 +124,9 @@ def sigshutdown_handler(_signo, _stack_frame):
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(f"Error shutting down Socket.IO server: {str(e)}")
     
-    # Save data quickly - force immediate save using abstract method
-    try:
-        datastore.force_save_all()
-        logger.success('Fast sync to storage complete.')
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(f"Error syncing to storage: {str(e)}")
-    
+    # With immediate persistence, all data is already saved
+    logger.success('All data already persisted (immediate commits enabled).')
+
     sys.exit()
 
 def print_help():
diff --git a/changedetectionio/api/Notifications.py b/changedetectionio/api/Notifications.py
index e25c6e9dd..7d2f8db98 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/api/Notifications.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/api/Notifications.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class Notifications(Resource):
 
         clean_urls = [url.strip() for url in notification_urls if isinstance(url, str)]
         self.datastore.data['settings']['application']['notification_urls'] = clean_urls
-        self.datastore.needs_write = True
+        self.datastore.commit()
 
         return {'notification_urls': clean_urls}, 200
         
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class Notifications(Resource):
             abort(400, message="No matching notification URLs found.")
 
         self.datastore.data['settings']['application']['notification_urls'] = notification_urls
-        self.datastore.needs_write = True
+        self.datastore.commit()
 
         return 'OK', 204
     
diff --git a/changedetectionio/api/Tags.py b/changedetectionio/api/Tags.py
index e70d565af..ed4ee2661 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/api/Tags.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/api/Tags.py
@@ -63,9 +63,11 @@ class Tag(Resource):
 
         if request.args.get('muted', '') == 'muted':
             self.datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'][uuid]['notification_muted'] = True
+            self.datastore.commit()
             return "OK", 200
         elif request.args.get('muted', '') == 'unmuted':
             self.datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'][uuid]['notification_muted'] = False
+            self.datastore.commit()
             return "OK", 200
 
         return tag
@@ -79,11 +81,13 @@ class Tag(Resource):
 
         # Delete the tag, and any tag reference
         del self.datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'][uuid]
-        
+        self.datastore.commit()
+
         # Remove tag from all watches
         for watch_uuid, watch in self.datastore.data['watching'].items():
             if watch.get('tags') and uuid in watch['tags']:
                 watch['tags'].remove(uuid)
+                watch.commit()
 
         return 'OK', 204
 
@@ -107,7 +111,7 @@ class Tag(Resource):
                 return str(e), 400
 
         tag.update(request.json)
-        self.datastore.needs_write_urgent = True
+        self.datastore.commit()
 
         return "OK", 200
 
diff --git a/changedetectionio/api/Watch.py b/changedetectionio/api/Watch.py
index ac7ebcf41..ea532408f 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/api/Watch.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/api/Watch.py
@@ -84,15 +84,19 @@ class Watch(Resource):
             return "OK", 200
         if request.args.get('paused', '') == 'paused':
             watch_obj.pause()
+            watch_obj.commit()
             return "OK", 200
         elif request.args.get('paused', '') == 'unpaused':
             watch_obj.unpause()
+            watch_obj.commit()
             return "OK", 200
         if request.args.get('muted', '') == 'muted':
             watch_obj.mute()
+            watch_obj.commit()
             return "OK", 200
         elif request.args.get('muted', '') == 'unmuted':
             watch_obj.unmute()
+            watch_obj.commit()
             return "OK", 200
 
         # Return without history, get that via another API call
@@ -173,6 +177,7 @@ class Watch(Resource):
 
         # Update watch with regular (non-processor-config) fields
         watch.update(json_data)
+        watch.commit()
 
         # Save processor config to JSON file
         processors.save_processor_config(self.datastore, uuid, processor_config_data)
@@ -419,8 +424,14 @@ class CreateWatch(Resource):
             except ValidationError as e:
                 return str(e), 400
 
+        # Handle processor-config-* fields separately (save to JSON, not watch)
+        from changedetectionio import processors
+
         extras = copy.deepcopy(json_data)
 
+        # Extract and remove processor config fields from extras
+        processor_config_data = processors.extract_processor_config_from_form_data(extras)
+
         # Because we renamed 'tag' to 'tags' but don't want to change the API (can do this in v2 of the API)
         tags = None
         if extras.get('tag'):
@@ -430,6 +441,10 @@ class CreateWatch(Resource):
         del extras['url']
 
         new_uuid = self.datastore.add_watch(url=url, extras=extras, tag=tags)
+
+        # Save processor config to separate JSON file
+        if new_uuid and processor_config_data:
+            processors.save_processor_config(self.datastore, new_uuid, processor_config_data)
         if new_uuid:
 # Dont queue because the scheduler will check that it hasnt been checked before anyway
 #            worker_pool.queue_item_async_safe(self.update_q, queuedWatchMetaData.PrioritizedItem(priority=1, item={'uuid': new_uuid}))
diff --git a/changedetectionio/api/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/api/__init__.py
index 088da8a1f..c95a37005 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/api/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/api/__init__.py
@@ -12,9 +12,17 @@ schema = api_schema.build_watch_json_schema(watch_base_config)
 schema_create_watch = copy.deepcopy(schema)
 schema_create_watch['required'] = ['url']
 del schema_create_watch['properties']['last_viewed']
+# Allow processor_config_* fields (handled separately in endpoint)
+schema_create_watch['patternProperties'] = {
+    '^processor_config_': {'type': ['string', 'number', 'boolean', 'object', 'array', 'null']}
+}
 
 schema_update_watch = copy.deepcopy(schema)
 schema_update_watch['additionalProperties'] = False
+# Allow processor_config_* fields (handled separately in endpoint)
+schema_update_watch['patternProperties'] = {
+    '^processor_config_': {'type': ['string', 'number', 'boolean', 'object', 'array', 'null']}
+}
 
 # Tag schema is also based on watch_base since Tag inherits from it
 schema_tag = copy.deepcopy(schema)
diff --git a/changedetectionio/blueprint/backups/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/blueprint/backups/__init__.py
index 646b80376..7e27562f4 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/blueprint/backups/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/blueprint/backups/__init__.py
@@ -102,8 +102,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
             flash(gettext("Maximum number of backups reached, please remove some"), "error")
             return redirect(url_for('backups.index'))
 
-        # Be sure we're written fresh - force immediate save using abstract method
-        datastore.force_save_all()
+        # With immediate persistence, all data is already saved
         zip_thread = threading.Thread(
             target=create_backup,
             args=(datastore.datastore_path, datastore.data.get("watching")),
diff --git a/changedetectionio/blueprint/price_data_follower/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/blueprint/price_data_follower/__init__.py
index ecf60eea3..637f9856b 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/blueprint/price_data_follower/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/blueprint/price_data_follower/__init__.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore, update_q: PriorityQueue
         datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['track_ldjson_price_data'] = PRICE_DATA_TRACK_ACCEPT
         datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['processor'] = 'restock_diff'
         datastore.data['watching'][uuid].clear_watch()
+        datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
         worker_pool.queue_item_async_safe(update_q, queuedWatchMetaData.PrioritizedItem(priority=1, item={'uuid': uuid}))
         return redirect(url_for("watchlist.index"))
 
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore, update_q: PriorityQueue
     @price_data_follower_blueprint.route("/<string:uuid>/reject", methods=['GET'])
     def reject(uuid):
         datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['track_ldjson_price_data'] = PRICE_DATA_TRACK_REJECT
+        datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
         return redirect(url_for("watchlist.index"))
 
 
diff --git a/changedetectionio/blueprint/settings/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/blueprint/settings/__init__.py
index 4c35ddb52..a68d0646f 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/blueprint/settings/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/blueprint/settings/__init__.py
@@ -74,12 +74,13 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
                     del (app_update['password'])
 
                 datastore.data['settings']['application'].update(app_update)
-                
+
                 # Handle dynamic worker count adjustment
                 old_worker_count = datastore.data['settings']['requests'].get('workers', 1)
                 new_worker_count = form.data['requests'].get('workers', 1)
 
                 datastore.data['settings']['requests'].update(form.data['requests'])
+                datastore.commit()
 
                 # Adjust worker count if it changed
                 if new_worker_count != old_worker_count:
@@ -109,13 +110,11 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
 
                 if not os.getenv("SALTED_PASS", False) and len(form.application.form.password.encrypted_password):
                     datastore.data['settings']['application']['password'] = form.application.form.password.encrypted_password
-                    datastore.needs_write_urgent = True
+                    datastore.commit()
                     flash(gettext("Password protection enabled."), 'notice')
                     flask_login.logout_user()
                     return redirect(url_for('watchlist.index'))
 
-                datastore.needs_write_urgent = True
-
                 # Also save plugin settings from the same form submission
                 plugin_tabs_list = get_plugin_settings_tabs()
                 for tab in plugin_tabs_list:
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
     def settings_reset_api_key():
         secret = secrets.token_hex(16)
         datastore.data['settings']['application']['api_access_token'] = secret
-        datastore.needs_write_urgent = True
+        datastore.commit()
         flash(gettext("API Key was regenerated."))
         return redirect(url_for('settings.settings_page')+'#api')
         
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
     def toggle_all_paused():
         current_state = datastore.data['settings']['application'].get('all_paused', False)
         datastore.data['settings']['application']['all_paused'] = not current_state
-        datastore.needs_write_urgent = True
+        datastore.commit()
 
         if datastore.data['settings']['application']['all_paused']:
             flash(gettext("Automatic scheduling paused - checks will not be queued."), 'notice')
@@ -212,7 +211,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
     def toggle_all_muted():
         current_state = datastore.data['settings']['application'].get('all_muted', False)
         datastore.data['settings']['application']['all_muted'] = not current_state
-        datastore.needs_write_urgent = True
+        datastore.commit()
 
         if datastore.data['settings']['application']['all_muted']:
             flash(gettext("All notifications muted."), 'notice')
diff --git a/changedetectionio/blueprint/tags/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/blueprint/tags/__init__.py
index 761e93fe1..b16a9d411 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/blueprint/tags/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/blueprint/tags/__init__.py
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
     def mute(uuid):
         if datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'].get(uuid):
             datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'][uuid]['notification_muted'] = not datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'][uuid]['notification_muted']
+            datastore.commit()
         return redirect(url_for('tags.tags_overview_page'))
 
     @tags_blueprint.route("/delete/<string:uuid>", methods=['GET'])
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
                 for watch_uuid, watch in datastore.data['watching'].items():
                     if watch.get('tags') and tag_uuid in watch['tags']:
                         watch['tags'].remove(tag_uuid)
+                        watch.commit()
                         removed_count += 1
                 logger.info(f"Background: Tag {tag_uuid} removed from {removed_count} watches")
             except Exception as e:
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
                 for watch_uuid, watch in datastore.data['watching'].items():
                     if watch.get('tags') and tag_uuid in watch['tags']:
                         watch['tags'].remove(tag_uuid)
+                        watch.commit()
                         unlinked_count += 1
                 logger.info(f"Background: Tag {tag_uuid} unlinked from {unlinked_count} watches")
             except Exception as e:
@@ -114,6 +117,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
     def delete_all():
         # Clear all tags from settings immediately
         datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'] = {}
+        datastore.commit()
 
         # Clear tags from all watches in background thread to avoid blocking
         def clear_all_tags_background():
@@ -122,6 +126,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
             try:
                 for watch_uuid, watch in datastore.data['watching'].items():
                     watch['tags'] = []
+                    watch.commit()
                     cleared_count += 1
                 logger.info(f"Background: Cleared tags from {cleared_count} watches")
             except Exception as e:
@@ -216,7 +221,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore):
 
         datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'][uuid].update(form.data)
         datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'][uuid]['processor'] = 'restock_diff'
-        datastore.needs_write_urgent = True
+        datastore.commit()
         flash(gettext("Updated"))
 
         return redirect(url_for('tags.tags_overview_page'))
diff --git a/changedetectionio/blueprint/ui/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/blueprint/ui/__init__.py
index 0606de2a7..75285d462 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/blueprint/ui/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/blueprint/ui/__init__.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def _handle_operations(op, uuids, datastore, worker_pool, update_q, queuedWatchM
         for uuid in uuids:
             if datastore.data['watching'].get(uuid):
                 datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['paused'] = True
-                datastore.mark_watch_dirty(uuid)
+                datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
         if emit_flash:
             flash(gettext("{} watches paused").format(len(uuids)))
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def _handle_operations(op, uuids, datastore, worker_pool, update_q, queuedWatchM
         for uuid in uuids:
             if datastore.data['watching'].get(uuid):
                 datastore.data['watching'][uuid.strip()]['paused'] = False
-                datastore.mark_watch_dirty(uuid)
+                datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
         if emit_flash:
             flash(gettext("{} watches unpaused").format(len(uuids)))
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def _handle_operations(op, uuids, datastore, worker_pool, update_q, queuedWatchM
         for uuid in uuids:
             if datastore.data['watching'].get(uuid):
                 datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['notification_muted'] = True
-                datastore.mark_watch_dirty(uuid)
+                datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
         if emit_flash:
             flash(gettext("{} watches muted").format(len(uuids)))
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def _handle_operations(op, uuids, datastore, worker_pool, update_q, queuedWatchM
         for uuid in uuids:
             if datastore.data['watching'].get(uuid):
                 datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['notification_muted'] = False
-                datastore.mark_watch_dirty(uuid)
+                datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
         if emit_flash:
             flash(gettext("{} watches un-muted").format(len(uuids)))
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def _handle_operations(op, uuids, datastore, worker_pool, update_q, queuedWatchM
         for uuid in uuids:
             if datastore.data['watching'].get(uuid):
                 datastore.data['watching'][uuid]["last_error"] = False
-                datastore.mark_watch_dirty(uuid)
+                datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
         if emit_flash:
             flash(gettext("{} watches errors cleared").format(len(uuids)))
 
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ def _handle_operations(op, uuids, datastore, worker_pool, update_q, queuedWatchM
                 datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['notification_body'] = None
                 datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['notification_urls'] = []
                 datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['notification_format'] = USE_SYSTEM_DEFAULT_NOTIFICATION_FORMAT_FOR_WATCH
+                datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
         if emit_flash:
             flash(gettext("{} watches set to use default notification settings").format(len(uuids)))
 
@@ -107,6 +108,7 @@ def _handle_operations(op, uuids, datastore, worker_pool, update_q, queuedWatchM
                             datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['tags'] = []
 
                         datastore.data['watching'][uuid]['tags'].append(tag_uuid)
+                        datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
         if emit_flash:
             flash(gettext("{} watches were tagged").format(len(uuids)))
 
diff --git a/changedetectionio/blueprint/ui/edit.py b/changedetectionio/blueprint/ui/edit.py
index d13497925..ce25ecd9e 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/blueprint/ui/edit.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/blueprint/ui/edit.py
@@ -198,6 +198,10 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore, update_q, queuedWatchMe
             # Recast it if need be to right data Watch handler
             watch_class = processors.get_custom_watch_obj_for_processor(form.data.get('processor'))
             datastore.data['watching'][uuid] = watch_class(datastore_path=datastore.datastore_path, __datastore=datastore.data, default=datastore.data['watching'][uuid])
+
+            # Save the watch immediately
+            datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
+
             flash(gettext("Updated watch - unpaused!") if request.args.get('unpause_on_save') else gettext("Updated watch."))
 
             # Cleanup any browsersteps session for this watch
@@ -207,10 +211,6 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore, update_q, queuedWatchMe
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.debug(f"Error cleaning up browsersteps session: {e}")
 
-            # Re #286 - We wait for syncing new data to disk in another thread every 60 seconds
-            # But in the case something is added we should save straight away
-            datastore.needs_write_urgent = True
-
             # Do not queue on edit if its not within the time range
 
             # @todo maybe it should never queue anyway on edit...
@@ -386,6 +386,9 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore, update_q, queuedWatchMe
                     s = re.sub(r'[0-9]+', r'\\d+', s)
                     datastore.data["watching"][uuid]['ignore_text'].append('/' + s + '/')
 
+            # Save the updated ignore_text
+            datastore.data["watching"][uuid].commit()
+
         return f"<a href={url_for('ui.ui_preview.preview_page', uuid=uuid)}>Click to preview</a>"
     
     return edit_blueprint
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/changedetectionio/blueprint/watchlist/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/blueprint/watchlist/__init__.py
index 8010225bc..1191582b0 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/blueprint/watchlist/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/blueprint/watchlist/__init__.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def construct_blueprint(datastore: ChangeDetectionStore, update_q, queuedWatchMe
             elif op == 'mute':
                 datastore.data['watching'][uuid].toggle_mute()
 
-            datastore.needs_write = True
+            datastore.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
             return redirect(url_for('watchlist.index', tag = active_tag_uuid))
 
         # Sort by last_changed and add the uuid which is usually the key..
diff --git a/changedetectionio/model/Tag.py b/changedetectionio/model/Tag.py
index 34ba41452..f94b69650 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/model/Tag.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/model/Tag.py
@@ -1,8 +1,45 @@
+"""
+Tag/Group domain model for organizing and overriding watch settings.
+
+ARCHITECTURE NOTE: Configuration Override Hierarchy
+===================================================
+
+Tags can override Watch settings when overrides_watch=True.
+Current implementation requires manual checking in processors:
+
+    for tag_uuid in watch.get('tags'):
+        tag = datastore['settings']['application']['tags'][tag_uuid]
+        if tag.get('overrides_watch'):
+            restock_settings = tag.get('restock_settings', {})
+            break
+
+With Pydantic, this would be automatic via chain resolution:
+    Watch → Tag (first with overrides_watch) → Global
+
+See: Watch.py model docstring for full Pydantic architecture explanation
+See: processors/restock_diff/processor.py:184-192 for current manual implementation
+"""
 
 from changedetectionio.model import watch_base
 
 
 class model(watch_base):
+    """
+    Tag domain model - groups watches and can override their settings.
+
+    Tags inherit from watch_base to reuse all the same fields as Watch.
+    When overrides_watch=True, tag settings take precedence over watch settings
+    for all watches in this tag/group.
+
+    Fields:
+        overrides_watch (bool): If True, this tag's settings override watch settings
+        title (str): Display name for this tag/group
+        uuid (str): Unique identifier
+        ... (all fields from watch_base can be set as tag-level overrides)
+
+    Resolution order when overrides_watch=True:
+        Watch.field → Tag.field (if overrides_watch) → Global.field
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
         # Store datastore reference (optional for Tags, but good for consistency)
diff --git a/changedetectionio/model/Watch.py b/changedetectionio/model/Watch.py
index 4a3040fa2..90f72c777 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/model/Watch.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/model/Watch.py
@@ -1,3 +1,29 @@
+"""
+Watch domain model for change detection monitoring.
+
+ARCHITECTURE NOTE: Configuration Override Hierarchy
+===================================================
+
+This module implements Watch objects that inherit from dict (technical debt).
+The dream architecture would use Pydantic for:
+
+1. CHAIN RESOLUTION (Watch → Tag → Global Settings)
+   - Current: Manual resolution scattered across codebase
+   - Future: @computed_field properties with automatic resolution
+   - Examples: resolved_fetch_backend, resolved_restock_settings, etc.
+
+2. DATABASE BACKEND ABSTRACTION
+   - Current: Domain model tightly coupled to file-based JSON storage
+   - Future: Domain model (Pydantic) separate from persistence layer
+   - Enables: Easy migration to PostgreSQL, MongoDB, etc.
+
+3. TYPE SAFETY & VALIDATION
+   - Current: Dict access with no compile-time checks
+   - Future: Type hints, IDE autocomplete, validation at boundaries
+
+See class model docstring for detailed explanation and examples.
+See: processors/restock_diff/processor.py:184-192 for manual resolution example
+"""
 import gc
 from copy import copy
 
@@ -104,6 +130,99 @@ def _brotli_save(contents, filepath, mode=None, fallback_uncompressed=False):
 
 
 class model(watch_base):
+    """
+    Watch domain model for monitoring URL changes.
+
+    Inherits from watch_base (which inherits dict) - see watch_base docstring for field documentation.
+
+    ## Configuration Override Hierarchy (Chain Resolution)
+
+    The dream architecture uses a 3-level resolution chain:
+        Watch settings → Tag/Group settings → Global settings
+
+    Current implementation is MANUAL (see processor.py:184-192 for example):
+        - Processors manually check watch.get('field')
+        - Then loop through watch.tags to find first tag with overrides_watch=True
+        - Finally fall back to datastore['settings']['application']['field']
+
+    FUTURE: Pydantic-based chain resolution would enable:
+
+        ```python
+        # Instead of manual resolution in every processor:
+        restock_settings = watch.get('restock_settings', {})
+        for tag_uuid in watch.get('tags'):
+            tag = datastore['settings']['application']['tags'][tag_uuid]
+            if tag.get('overrides_watch'):
+                restock_settings = tag.get('restock_settings', {})
+                break
+
+        # Clean computed properties with automatic resolution:
+        @computed_field
+        def resolved_restock_settings(self) -> dict:
+            if self.restock_settings:
+                return self.restock_settings
+            for tag_uuid in self.tags:
+                tag = self._datastore.get_tag(tag_uuid)
+                if tag.overrides_watch and tag.restock_settings:
+                    return tag.restock_settings
+            return self._datastore.settings.restock_settings or {}
+
+        # Usage: watch.resolved_restock_settings (automatic, type-safe, tested once)
+        ```
+
+    Benefits of Pydantic migration:
+        1. Single source of truth for resolution logic (not scattered across processors)
+        2. Type safety + IDE autocomplete (watch.resolved_fetch_backend vs dict navigation)
+        3. Database backend abstraction (domain model separate from persistence)
+        4. Automatic validation at boundaries
+        5. Self-documenting via type hints
+        6. Easy to test resolution independently
+
+    Resolution chain examples that would benefit:
+        - fetch_backend: watch → tag → global (see get_fetch_backend property)
+        - notification_urls: watch → tag → global
+        - time_between_check: watch → global (see threshold_seconds)
+        - restock_settings: watch → tag (see processors/restock_diff/processor.py:184-192)
+        - history_snapshot_max_length: watch → global (see save_history_blob:550-556)
+        - All processor_config_* settings could use tag overrides
+
+    ## Database Backend Abstraction with Pydantic
+
+    Current: Watch inherits dict, tightly coupled to file-based JSON storage
+    Future: Domain model (Watch) separate from persistence layer
+
+        ```python
+        # Domain model (database-agnostic)
+        class Watch(BaseModel):
+            uuid: str
+            url: str
+            # ... validation, business logic
+
+        # Pluggable backends
+        class DataStoreBackend(ABC):
+            def save_watch(self, watch: Watch): ...
+            def load_watch(self, uuid: str) -> Watch: ...
+
+        # Implementations: FileBackend, MongoBackend, PostgresBackend, etc.
+        ```
+
+    This would enable:
+        - Easy migration between storage backends (file → postgres → mongodb)
+        - Pydantic handles serialization/deserialization automatically
+        - Domain logic stays clean (no storage concerns in Watch methods)
+
+    ## Migration Path
+
+    Given existing codebase, incremental migration recommended:
+        1. Create Pydantic models alongside existing dict-based models
+        2. Add .to_pydantic() / .from_pydantic() bridge methods
+        3. Gradually migrate code to use Pydantic models
+        4. Remove dict inheritance once migration complete
+
+    See: watch_base docstring for technical debt discussion
+    See: processors/restock_diff/processor.py:184-192 for manual resolution example
+    See: Watch.py:550-556 for nested dict navigation that would become watch.resolved_*
+    """
     __newest_history_key = None
     __history_n = 0
     jitter_seconds = 0
@@ -243,8 +362,30 @@ class model(watch_base):
     @property
     def get_fetch_backend(self):
         """
-        Like just using the `fetch_backend` key but there could be some logic
-        :return:
+        Get the fetch backend for this watch with special case handling.
+
+        CHAIN RESOLUTION OPPORTUNITY:
+        Currently returns watch.fetch_backend directly, but doesn't implement
+        Watch → Tag → Global resolution chain. With Pydantic:
+
+        @computed_field
+        def resolved_fetch_backend(self) -> str:
+            # Special case: PDFs always use html_requests
+            if self.is_pdf:
+                return 'html_requests'
+
+            # Watch override
+            if self.fetch_backend and self.fetch_backend != 'system':
+                return self.fetch_backend
+
+            # Tag override (first tag with overrides_watch=True wins)
+            for tag_uuid in self.tags:
+                tag = self._datastore.get_tag(tag_uuid)
+                if tag.overrides_watch and tag.fetch_backend:
+                    return tag.fetch_backend
+
+            # Global default
+            return self._datastore.settings.fetch_backend
         """
         # Maybe also if is_image etc?
         # This is because chrome/playwright wont render the PDF in the browser and we will just fetch it and use pdf2html to see the text.
@@ -546,7 +687,12 @@ class model(watch_base):
         self.__newest_history_key = timestamp
         self.__history_n += 1
 
-
+        # MANUAL CHAIN RESOLUTION: Watch → Global
+        # With Pydantic, this would become: maxlen = watch.resolved_history_snapshot_max_length
+        # @computed_field def resolved_history_snapshot_max_length(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        #     if self.history_snapshot_max_length: return self.history_snapshot_max_length
+        #     if tag := self._get_override_tag(): return tag.history_snapshot_max_length
+        #     return self._datastore.settings.history_snapshot_max_length
         maxlen = (
                 self.get('history_snapshot_max_length')
                 or (self.__datastore and self.__datastore['settings']['application'].get('history_snapshot_max_length'))
@@ -844,6 +990,57 @@ class model(watch_base):
     def toggle_mute(self):
         self['notification_muted'] ^= True
 
+    def commit(self):
+        """
+        Save this watch immediately to disk using atomic write.
+
+        Replaces the old dirty-tracking system with immediate persistence.
+        Uses atomic write pattern (temp file + rename) for crash safety.
+
+        Fire-and-forget: Logs errors but does not raise exceptions.
+        Watch data remains in memory even if save fails, so next commit will retry.
+        """
+        from loguru import logger
+
+        if not self.__datastore:
+            logger.error(f"Cannot commit watch {self.get('uuid')} without datastore reference")
+            return
+
+        if not self.watch_data_dir:
+            logger.error(f"Cannot commit watch {self.get('uuid')} without datastore_path")
+            return
+
+        # Convert to dict for serialization, excluding processor config keys
+        # Processor configs are stored separately in processor-specific JSON files
+        # Use deepcopy to prevent mutations from affecting the original Watch object
+        import copy
+
+        # Acquire datastore lock to prevent concurrent modifications during copy
+        # Take a quick shallow snapshot under lock, then deep copy outside lock
+        lock = self.__datastore.lock if self.__datastore and hasattr(self.__datastore, 'lock') else None
+
+        if lock:
+            with lock:
+                snapshot = dict(self)
+        else:
+            snapshot = dict(self)
+
+        # Deep copy snapshot (slower, but done outside lock to minimize contention)
+        watch_dict = {k: copy.deepcopy(v) for k, v in snapshot.items() if not k.startswith('processor_config_')}
+
+        # Normalize browser_steps: if no meaningful steps, save as empty list
+        if not self.has_browser_steps:
+            watch_dict['browser_steps'] = []
+
+        # Use existing atomic write helper
+        from changedetectionio.store.file_saving_datastore import save_watch_atomic
+        try:
+            save_watch_atomic(self.watch_data_dir, self.get('uuid'), watch_dict)
+            logger.debug(f"Committed watch {self.get('uuid')}")
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to commit watch {self.get('uuid')}: {e}")
+
+
     def extra_notification_token_values(self):
         # Used for providing extra tokens
         # return {'widget': 555}
diff --git a/changedetectionio/model/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/model/__init__.py
index 1a60a7652..5aeea1ae8 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/model/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/model/__init__.py
@@ -6,6 +6,147 @@ USE_SYSTEM_DEFAULT_NOTIFICATION_FORMAT_FOR_WATCH = 'System default'
 CONDITIONS_MATCH_LOGIC_DEFAULT = 'ALL'
 
 class watch_base(dict):
+    """
+    Base watch domain model (inherits from dict for backward compatibility).
+
+    WARNING: This class inherits from dict, which violates proper encapsulation.
+    Dict inheritance is legacy technical debt that should be refactored to a proper
+    domain model (e.g., Pydantic BaseModel) for better type safety and validation.
+
+    TODO: Migrate to Pydantic BaseModel for:
+          - Type safety and IDE autocomplete
+          - Automatic validation
+          - Clear separation between domain model and serialization
+          - Database backend abstraction (file → postgres → mongodb)
+          - Configuration override chain resolution (Watch → Tag → Global)
+          - Immutability options
+          - Better testing
+
+    CHAIN RESOLUTION ARCHITECTURE:
+        The dream is a 3-level override hierarchy:
+            Watch settings → Tag/Group settings → Global settings
+
+        Current implementation: MANUAL resolution scattered across codebase
+        - Processors manually check watch.get('field')
+        - Loop through tags to find overrides_watch=True
+        - Fall back to datastore['settings']['application']['field']
+
+        Pydantic implementation: AUTOMATIC resolution via @computed_field
+        - Single source of truth for each setting's resolution logic
+        - Type-safe, testable, self-documenting
+        - Example: watch.resolved_fetch_backend (instead of nested dict navigation)
+
+        See: Watch.py model docstring for detailed Pydantic architecture plan
+        See: Tag.py model docstring for tag override explanation
+        See: processors/restock_diff/processor.py:184-192 for current manual example
+
+    Core Fields:
+        uuid (str): Unique identifier for this watch (auto-generated)
+        url (str): Target URL to monitor for changes
+        title (str|None): Custom display name (overrides page_title if set)
+        page_title (str|None): Title extracted from <title> tag of monitored page
+        tags (List[str]): List of tag UUIDs for categorization
+        tag (str): DEPRECATED - Old single-tag system, use tags instead
+
+    Check Configuration:
+        processor (str): Processor type ('text_json_diff', 'restock_diff', etc.)
+        fetch_backend (str): Fetcher to use ('system', 'html_requests', 'playwright', etc.)
+        method (str): HTTP method ('GET', 'POST', etc.)
+        headers (dict): Custom HTTP headers to send
+        proxy (str|None): Preferred proxy server
+        paused (bool): Whether change detection is paused
+
+    Scheduling:
+        time_between_check (dict): Check interval {'weeks': int, 'days': int, 'hours': int, 'minutes': int, 'seconds': int}
+        time_between_check_use_default (bool): Use global default interval if True
+        time_schedule_limit (dict): Weekly schedule limiting when checks can run
+            Structure: {
+                'enabled': bool,
+                'monday/tuesday/.../sunday': {
+                    'enabled': bool,
+                    'start_time': str ('HH:MM'),
+                    'duration': {'hours': str, 'minutes': str}
+                }
+            }
+
+    Content Filtering:
+        include_filters (List[str]): CSS/XPath selectors to extract content
+        subtractive_selectors (List[str]): Selectors to remove from content
+        ignore_text (List[str]): Text patterns to ignore in change detection
+        trigger_text (List[str]): Text/regex that must be present to trigger change
+        text_should_not_be_present (List[str]): Text that should NOT be present
+        extract_text (List[str]): Regex patterns to extract specific text after filtering
+
+    Text Processing:
+        trim_text_whitespace (bool): Strip leading/trailing whitespace
+        sort_text_alphabetically (bool): Sort lines alphabetically before comparison
+        remove_duplicate_lines (bool): Remove duplicate lines
+        check_unique_lines (bool): Compare against all history for unique lines
+        strip_ignored_lines (bool|None): Remove lines matching ignore patterns
+
+    Change Detection Filters:
+        filter_text_added (bool): Include added text in change detection
+        filter_text_removed (bool): Include removed text in change detection
+        filter_text_replaced (bool): Include replaced text in change detection
+
+    Browser Automation:
+        browser_steps (List[dict]): Browser automation steps for JS-heavy sites
+        browser_steps_last_error_step (int|None): Last step that caused error
+        webdriver_delay (int|None): Seconds to wait after page load
+        webdriver_js_execute_code (str|None): JavaScript to execute before extraction
+
+    Restock Detection:
+        in_stock_only (bool): Only trigger on in-stock transitions
+        follow_price_changes (bool): Monitor price changes
+        has_ldjson_price_data (bool|None): Whether page has LD-JSON price data
+        track_ldjson_price_data (str|None): Track LD-JSON price data ('ACCEPT', 'REJECT', None)
+        price_change_threshold_percent (float|None): Minimum price change % to trigger
+
+    Notifications:
+        notification_urls (List[str]): Apprise URLs for notifications
+        notification_title (str|None): Custom notification title template
+        notification_body (str|None): Custom notification body template
+        notification_format (str): Notification format (e.g., 'System default', 'Text', 'HTML')
+        notification_muted (bool): Disable notifications for this watch
+        notification_screenshot (bool): Include screenshot in notifications
+        notification_alert_count (int): Number of notifications sent
+        last_notification_error (str|None): Last notification error message
+        body (str|None): DEPRECATED? Legacy notification body field
+        filter_failure_notification_send (bool): Send notification on filter failures
+
+    History & State:
+        date_created (int|None): Unix timestamp of watch creation
+        last_checked (int): Unix timestamp of last check
+        last_viewed (int): History snapshot key of last user view
+        last_error (str|bool): Last error message or False if no error
+        check_count (int): Total number of checks performed
+        fetch_time (float): Duration of last fetch in seconds
+        consecutive_filter_failures (int): Counter for consecutive filter match failures
+        previous_md5 (str|bool): MD5 hash of previous content
+        previous_md5_before_filters (str|bool): MD5 hash before filters applied
+        history_snapshot_max_length (int|None): Max history snapshots to keep (None = use global)
+
+    Conditions:
+        conditions (dict): Custom conditions for change detection logic
+        conditions_match_logic (str): Logic operator ('ALL', 'ANY') for conditions
+
+    Metadata:
+        content-type (str|None): Content-Type from last fetch
+        remote_server_reply (str|None): Server header from last response
+        ignore_status_codes (List[int]|None): HTTP status codes to ignore
+        use_page_title_in_list (bool|None): Display page title in watch list (None = use system default)
+
+    Instance Attributes (not serialized):
+        __datastore: Reference to parent DataStore (set externally after creation)
+        watch_data_dir: Filesystem path for this watch's data directory
+
+    Notes:
+        - Many fields default to None to distinguish "not set" from "set to default"
+        - When field is None, system-level defaults are used
+        - Processor-specific configs (e.g., processor_config_*) are NOT stored in watch.json
+          They are stored in separate {processor_name}.json files
+        - This class is used for both Watch and Tag objects (tags reuse the structure)
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
         self.update({
diff --git a/changedetectionio/store/__init__.py b/changedetectionio/store/__init__.py
index 32ad54281..09104feda 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/store/__init__.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/store/__init__.py
@@ -56,9 +56,7 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
         # Should only be active for docker
         # logging.basicConfig(filename='/dev/stdout', level=logging.INFO)
         self.datastore_path = datastore_path
-        self.needs_write = False
         self.start_time = time.time()
-        self.stop_thread = False
         self.save_version_copy_json_db(version_tag)
         self.reload_state(datastore_path=datastore_path, include_default_watches=include_default_watches, version_tag=version_tag)
 
@@ -286,19 +284,19 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
                 self.__data['app_guid'] = "test-" + str(uuid_builder.uuid4())
             else:
                 self.__data['app_guid'] = str(uuid_builder.uuid4())
-            self.mark_settings_dirty()
+            self.commit()
 
         # Ensure RSS access token exists
         if not self.__data['settings']['application'].get('rss_access_token'):
             secret = secrets.token_hex(16)
             self.__data['settings']['application']['rss_access_token'] = secret
-            self.mark_settings_dirty()
+            self.commit()
 
         # Ensure API access token exists
         if not self.__data['settings']['application'].get('api_access_token'):
             secret = secrets.token_hex(16)
             self.__data['settings']['application']['api_access_token'] = secret
-            self.mark_settings_dirty()
+            self.commit()
 
         # Handle password reset lockfile
         password_reset_lockfile = os.path.join(self.datastore_path, "removepassword.lock")
@@ -306,9 +304,6 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
             self.remove_password()
             unlink(password_reset_lockfile)
 
-        # Start the background save thread
-        self.start_save_thread()
-
     def rehydrate_entity(self, uuid, entity, processor_override=None):
         """Set the dict back to the dict Watch object"""
         entity['uuid'] = uuid
@@ -375,22 +370,15 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
         Implementation of abstract method from FileSavingDataStore.
         Delegates to helper function and stores results in internal data structure.
         """
-        watching, watch_hashes = load_all_watches(
+        watching = load_all_watches(
             self.datastore_path,
-            self.rehydrate_entity,
-            self._compute_hash
+            self.rehydrate_entity
         )
 
         # Store loaded data
         self.__data['watching'] = watching
-        self._watch_hashes = watch_hashes
 
-        # Verify all watches have hashes
-        missing_hashes = [uuid for uuid in watching.keys() if uuid not in watch_hashes]
-        if missing_hashes:
-            logger.error(f"WARNING: {len(missing_hashes)} watches missing hashes after load: {missing_hashes[:5]}")
-        else:
-            logger.debug(f"All {len(watching)} watches have valid hashes")
+        logger.debug(f"Loaded {len(watching)} watches")
 
     def _delete_watch(self, uuid):
         """
@@ -414,7 +402,7 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
     def set_last_viewed(self, uuid, timestamp):
         logger.debug(f"Setting watch UUID: {uuid} last viewed to {int(timestamp)}")
         self.data['watching'][uuid].update({'last_viewed': int(timestamp)})
-        self.mark_watch_dirty(uuid)
+        self.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
 
         watch_check_update = signal('watch_check_update')
         if watch_check_update:
@@ -422,7 +410,22 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
 
     def remove_password(self):
         self.__data['settings']['application']['password'] = False
-        self.mark_settings_dirty()
+        self.commit()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """
+        Save settings immediately to disk using atomic write.
+
+        Uses atomic write pattern (temp file + rename) for crash safety.
+
+        Fire-and-forget: Logs errors but does not raise exceptions.
+        Settings data remains in memory even if save fails, so next commit will retry.
+        """
+        try:
+            self._save_settings()
+            logger.debug("Committed settings")
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to commit settings: {e}")
 
     def update_watch(self, uuid, update_obj):
 
@@ -441,7 +444,8 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
 
             self.__data['watching'][uuid].update(update_obj)
 
-        self.mark_watch_dirty(uuid)
+        # Immediate save
+        self.__data['watching'][uuid].commit()
 
     @property
     def threshold_seconds(self):
@@ -502,10 +506,6 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
                     except Exception as e:
                         logger.error(f"Failed to delete watch {watch_uuid} from storage: {e}")
 
-                    # Clean up tracking data
-                    self._watch_hashes.pop(watch_uuid, None)
-                    self._dirty_watches.discard(watch_uuid)
-
                     # Send delete signal
                     watch_delete_signal = signal('watch_deleted')
                     if watch_delete_signal:
@@ -527,17 +527,11 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
                 # Remove from watching dict
                 del self.data['watching'][uuid]
 
-                # Clean up tracking data
-                self._watch_hashes.pop(uuid, None)
-                self._dirty_watches.discard(uuid)
-
                 # Send delete signal
                 watch_delete_signal = signal('watch_deleted')
                 if watch_delete_signal:
                     watch_delete_signal.send(watch_uuid=uuid)
 
-        self.needs_write_urgent = True
-
     # Clone a watch by UUID
     def clone(self, uuid):
         url = self.data['watching'][uuid].get('url')
@@ -562,7 +556,7 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
     # Remove a watchs data but keep the entry (URL etc)
     def clear_watch_history(self, uuid):
         self.__data['watching'][uuid].clear_watch()
-        self.needs_write_urgent = True
+        self.__data['watching'][uuid].commit()
 
     def add_watch(self, url, tag='', extras=None, tag_uuids=None, save_immediately=True):
 
@@ -675,16 +669,9 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
         self.__data['watching'][new_uuid] = new_watch
 
         if save_immediately:
-            # Save immediately using polymorphic method
-            try:
-                self.save_watch(new_uuid, force=True)
-                logger.debug(f"Saved new watch {new_uuid}")
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Failed to save new watch {new_uuid}: {e}")
-                # Mark dirty for retry
-                self.mark_watch_dirty(new_uuid)
-        else:
-            self.mark_watch_dirty(new_uuid)
+            # Save immediately using commit
+            new_watch.commit()
+            logger.debug(f"Saved new watch {new_uuid}")
 
         logger.debug(f"Added '{url}'")
 
@@ -889,7 +876,7 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
 
             self.__data['settings']['application']['tags'][new_uuid] = new_tag
 
-        self.mark_settings_dirty()
+        self.commit()
         return new_uuid
 
     def get_all_tags_for_watch(self, uuid):
@@ -1006,7 +993,7 @@ class ChangeDetectionStore(DatastoreUpdatesMixin, FileSavingDataStore):
             notification_urls.append(notification_url)
             self.__data['settings']['application']['notification_urls'] = notification_urls
 
-        self.mark_settings_dirty()
+        self.commit()
         return notification_url
 
     # Schema update methods moved to store/updates.py (DatastoreUpdatesMixin)
diff --git a/changedetectionio/store/base.py b/changedetectionio/store/base.py
index c0c9e47c1..38f3af226 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/store/base.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/store/base.py
@@ -81,20 +81,3 @@ class DataStore(ABC):
         """
         pass
 
-    @abstractmethod
-    def force_save_all(self):
-        """
-        Force immediate synchronous save of all data to storage.
-
-        This is the abstract method for forcing a complete save.
-        Different backends implement this differently:
-        - File backend: Mark all watches/settings dirty, then save
-        - Redis backend: SAVE command or pipeline flush
-        - SQL backend: COMMIT transaction
-
-        Used by:
-        - Backup creation (ensure everything is saved before backup)
-        - Shutdown (ensure all changes are persisted)
-        - Manual save operations
-        """
-        pass
diff --git a/changedetectionio/store/file_saving_datastore.py b/changedetectionio/store/file_saving_datastore.py
index f1363100e..4d6889b2e 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/store/file_saving_datastore.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/store/file_saving_datastore.py
@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
 """
-File-based datastore with individual watch persistence and dirty tracking.
+File-based datastore with individual watch persistence and immediate commits.
 
 This module provides the FileSavingDataStore abstract class that implements:
 - Individual watch.json file persistence
-- Hash-based change detection (only save what changed)
-- Periodic audit scan (catches unmarked changes)
-- Background save thread with batched parallel saves
+- Immediate commit-based persistence (watch.commit(), datastore.commit())
 - Atomic file writes safe for NFS/NAS
 """
 
 import glob
-import hashlib
 import json
 import os
 import tempfile
 import time
-from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
-from threading import Thread
 from loguru import logger
 
 from .base import DataStore
@@ -34,19 +29,6 @@ except ImportError:
 # Set to True for mission-critical deployments requiring crash consistency
 FORCE_FSYNC_DATA_IS_CRITICAL = bool(strtobool(os.getenv('FORCE_FSYNC_DATA_IS_CRITICAL', 'False')))
 
-# Save interval configuration: How often the background thread saves dirty items
-# Default 10 seconds - increase for less frequent saves, decrease for more frequent
-DATASTORE_SCAN_DIRTY_SAVE_INTERVAL_SECONDS = int(os.getenv('DATASTORE_SCAN_DIRTY_SAVE_INTERVAL_SECONDS', '10'))
-
-# Rolling audit configuration: Scans a fraction of watches each cycle
-# Default: Run audit every 10s, split into 5 shards
-# Full audit completes every 50s (10s × 5 shards)
-# With 56k watches: 56k / 5 = ~11k watches per cycle (~60ms vs 316ms for all)
-# Handles dynamic watch count - recalculates shard boundaries each cycle
-DATASTORE_AUDIT_INTERVAL_SECONDS = int(os.getenv('DATASTORE_AUDIT_INTERVAL_SECONDS', '10'))
-DATASTORE_AUDIT_SHARDS = int(os.getenv('DATASTORE_AUDIT_SHARDS', '5'))
-
-
 # ============================================================================
 # Helper Functions for Atomic File Operations
 # ============================================================================
@@ -61,6 +43,9 @@ def save_json_atomic(file_path, data_dict, label="file", max_size_mb=10):
     - Size validation
     - Proper error handling
 
+    Thread safety: Caller must hold datastore.lock to prevent concurrent modifications.
+    Multi-process safety: Not supported - run only one app instance per datastore.
+
     Args:
         file_path: Full path to target JSON file
         data_dict: Dictionary to serialize
@@ -242,11 +227,6 @@ def load_watch_from_file(watch_json, uuid, rehydrate_entity_func):
             with open(watch_json, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 watch_data = json.load(f)
 
-        if watch_data.get('time_schedule_limit'):
-            del watch_data['time_schedule_limit']
-        if watch_data.get('time_between_check'):
-            del watch_data['time_between_check']
-
         # Return both the raw data and the rehydrated watch
         # Raw data is needed to compute hash before rehydration changes anything
         watch_obj = rehydrate_entity_func(uuid, watch_data)
@@ -278,7 +258,7 @@ def load_watch_from_file(watch_json, uuid, rehydrate_entity_func):
         return None, None
 
 
-def load_all_watches(datastore_path, rehydrate_entity_func, compute_hash_func):
+def load_all_watches(datastore_path, rehydrate_entity_func):
     """
     Load all watches from individual watch.json files.
 
@@ -289,21 +269,17 @@ def load_all_watches(datastore_path, rehydrate_entity_func, compute_hash_func):
     Args:
         datastore_path: Path to the datastore directory
         rehydrate_entity_func: Function to convert dict to Watch object
-        compute_hash_func: Function to compute hash from raw watch dict
 
     Returns:
-        Tuple of (watching_dict, hashes_dict)
-        - watching_dict: uuid -> Watch object
-        - hashes_dict: uuid -> hash string (computed from raw data)
+        Dictionary of uuid -> Watch object
     """
     start_time = time.time()
     logger.info("Loading watches from individual watch.json files...")
 
     watching = {}
-    watch_hashes = {}
 
     if not os.path.exists(datastore_path):
-        return watching, watch_hashes
+        return watching
 
     # Find all watch.json files using glob (faster than manual directory traversal)
     glob_start = time.time()
@@ -322,9 +298,6 @@ def load_all_watches(datastore_path, rehydrate_entity_func, compute_hash_func):
         watch, raw_data = load_watch_from_file(watch_json, uuid_dir, rehydrate_entity_func)
         if watch and raw_data:
             watching[uuid_dir] = watch
-            # Compute hash from rehydrated Watch object (as dict) to match how we compute on save
-            # This ensures hash matches what audit will compute from dict(watch)
-            watch_hashes[uuid_dir] = compute_hash_func(dict(watch))
             loaded += 1
 
             if loaded % 100 == 0:
@@ -344,7 +317,7 @@ def load_all_watches(datastore_path, rehydrate_entity_func, compute_hash_func):
     else:
         logger.info(f"Loaded {loaded} watches from disk in {elapsed:.2f}s ({loaded/elapsed:.0f} watches/sec)")
 
-    return watching, watch_hashes
+    return watching
 
 
 # ============================================================================
@@ -353,151 +326,20 @@ def load_all_watches(datastore_path, rehydrate_entity_func, compute_hash_func):
 
 class FileSavingDataStore(DataStore):
     """
-    Abstract datastore that provides file persistence with change tracking.
+    Abstract datastore that provides file persistence with immediate commits.
 
     Features:
     - Individual watch.json files (one per watch)
-    - Dirty tracking: Only saves items that have changed
-    - Hash-based change detection: Prevents unnecessary writes
-    - Background save thread: Non-blocking persistence
-    - Two-tier urgency: Standard (60s) and urgent (immediate) saves
+    - Immediate persistence via watch.commit() and datastore.commit()
+    - Atomic file writes for crash safety
 
     Subclasses must implement:
     - rehydrate_entity(): Convert dict to Watch object
     - Access to internal __data structure for watch management
     """
 
-    needs_write = False
-    needs_write_urgent = False
-    stop_thread = False
-
-    # Change tracking
-    _dirty_watches = set()      # Watch UUIDs that need saving
-    _dirty_settings = False     # Settings changed
-    _watch_hashes = {}          # UUID -> SHA256 hash for change detection
-
-    # Health monitoring
-    _last_save_time = 0         # Timestamp of last successful save
-    _last_audit_time = 0        # Timestamp of last audit scan
-    _save_cycle_count = 0       # Number of save cycles completed
-    _total_saves = 0            # Total watches saved (lifetime)
-    _save_errors = 0            # Total save errors (lifetime)
-    _audit_count = 0            # Number of audit scans completed
-    _audit_found_changes = 0    # Total unmarked changes found by audits
-    _audit_shard_index = 0      # Current shard being audited (rolling audit)
-
     def __init__(self):
         super().__init__()
-        self.save_data_thread = None
-        self._last_save_time = time.time()
-        self._last_audit_time = time.time()
-
-
-    def mark_watch_dirty(self, uuid):
-        """
-        Mark a watch as needing save.
-
-        Args:
-            uuid: Watch UUID
-        """
-        with self.lock:
-            self._dirty_watches.add(uuid)
-            dirty_count = len(self._dirty_watches)
-
-        # Backpressure detection - warn if dirty set grows too large
-        if dirty_count > 1000:
-            logger.critical(
-                f"BACKPRESSURE WARNING: {dirty_count} watches pending save! "
-                f"Save thread may not be keeping up with write rate. "
-                f"This could indicate disk I/O bottleneck or save thread failure."
-            )
-        elif dirty_count > 500:
-            logger.warning(
-                f"Dirty watch count high: {dirty_count} watches pending save. "
-                f"Monitoring for potential backpressure."
-            )
-
-        self.needs_write = True
-
-    def mark_settings_dirty(self):
-        """Mark settings as needing save."""
-        with self.lock:
-            self._dirty_settings = True
-        self.needs_write = True
-
-    def _compute_hash(self, watch_dict):
-        """
-        Compute SHA256 hash of watch for change detection.
-
-        Args:
-            watch_dict: Dictionary representation of watch
-
-        Returns:
-            Hex string of SHA256 hash
-        """
-        # Use orjson for deterministic serialization if available
-        if HAS_ORJSON:
-            json_bytes = orjson.dumps(watch_dict, option=orjson.OPT_SORT_KEYS)
-        else:
-            json_str = json.dumps(watch_dict, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False)
-            json_bytes = json_str.encode('utf-8')
-
-        return hashlib.sha256(json_bytes).hexdigest()
-
-    def save_watch(self, uuid, force=False, watch_dict=None, current_hash=None):
-        """
-        Save a single watch if it has changed (polymorphic method).
-
-        Args:
-            uuid: Watch UUID
-            force: If True, skip hash check and save anyway
-            watch_dict: Pre-computed watch dictionary (optimization)
-            current_hash: Pre-computed hash (optimization)
-
-        Returns:
-            True if saved, False if skipped (unchanged)
-        """
-        if not self._watch_exists(uuid):
-            logger.warning(f"Cannot save watch {uuid} - does not exist")
-            return False
-
-        # Get watch dict if not provided
-        if watch_dict is None:
-            watch_dict = self._get_watch_dict(uuid)
-
-        # Compute hash if not provided
-        if current_hash is None:
-            current_hash = self._compute_hash(watch_dict)
-
-        # Skip save if unchanged (unless forced)
-        if not force and current_hash == self._watch_hashes.get(uuid):
-            return False
-
-        try:
-            self._save_watch(uuid, watch_dict)
-            self._watch_hashes[uuid] = current_hash
-            logger.debug(f"Saved watch {uuid}")
-            return True
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to save watch {uuid}: {e}")
-            raise
-
-    def _save_watch(self, uuid, watch_dict):
-        """
-        Save a single watch to storage (polymorphic).
-
-        Backend-specific implementation. Subclasses override for different storage:
-        - File backend: Writes to {uuid}/watch.json
-        - Redis backend: SET watch:{uuid}
-        - SQL backend: UPDATE watches WHERE uuid=?
-
-        Args:
-            uuid: Watch UUID
-            watch_dict: Dictionary representation of watch
-        """
-        # Default file implementation
-        watch_dir = os.path.join(self.datastore_path, uuid)
-        save_watch_atomic(watch_dir, uuid, watch_dict)
 
     def _save_settings(self):
         """
@@ -510,6 +352,7 @@ class FileSavingDataStore(DataStore):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement _save_settings")
 
+
     def _load_watches(self):
         """
         Load all watches from storage (polymorphic).
@@ -535,364 +378,4 @@ class FileSavingDataStore(DataStore):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement _delete_watch")
 
-    def _save_dirty_items(self):
-        """
-        Save dirty watches and settings.
 
-        This is the core optimization: instead of saving the entire datastore,
-        we only save watches that were marked dirty and settings if changed.
-        """
-        start_time = time.time()
-
-        # Capture dirty sets under lock
-        with self.lock:
-            dirty_watches = list(self._dirty_watches)
-            dirty_settings = self._dirty_settings
-            self._dirty_watches.clear()
-            self._dirty_settings = False
-
-        if not dirty_watches and not dirty_settings:
-            return
-
-        logger.trace(f"Saving {len(dirty_watches)} dirty watches, settings_dirty={dirty_settings}")
-
-        # Save each dirty watch using the polymorphic save method
-        saved_count = 0
-        error_count = 0
-        skipped_unchanged = 0
-
-        # Process in batches of 50, using thread pool for parallel saves
-        BATCH_SIZE = 50
-        MAX_WORKERS = 20  # Number of parallel save threads
-
-        def save_single_watch(uuid):
-            """Helper function for thread pool execution."""
-            try:
-                # Check if watch still exists (might have been deleted)
-                if not self._watch_exists(uuid):
-                    # Watch was deleted, remove hash
-                    self._watch_hashes.pop(uuid, None)
-                    return {'status': 'deleted', 'uuid': uuid}
-
-                # Pre-check hash to avoid unnecessary save_watch() calls
-                watch_dict = self._get_watch_dict(uuid)
-                current_hash = self._compute_hash(watch_dict)
-
-                if current_hash == self._watch_hashes.get(uuid):
-                    # Watch hasn't actually changed, skip
-                    return {'status': 'unchanged', 'uuid': uuid}
-
-                # Pass pre-computed values to avoid redundant serialization/hashing
-                if self.save_watch(uuid, force=True, watch_dict=watch_dict, current_hash=current_hash):
-                    return {'status': 'saved', 'uuid': uuid}
-                else:
-                    return {'status': 'skipped', 'uuid': uuid}
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Error saving watch {uuid}: {e}")
-                return {'status': 'error', 'uuid': uuid, 'error': e}
-
-        # Process dirty watches in batches
-        for batch_start in range(0, len(dirty_watches), BATCH_SIZE):
-            batch = dirty_watches[batch_start:batch_start + BATCH_SIZE]
-            batch_num = (batch_start // BATCH_SIZE) + 1
-            total_batches = (len(dirty_watches) + BATCH_SIZE - 1) // BATCH_SIZE
-
-            if len(dirty_watches) > BATCH_SIZE:
-                logger.trace(f"Save batch {batch_num}/{total_batches} ({len(batch)} watches)")
-
-            # Use thread pool to save watches in parallel
-            with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=MAX_WORKERS) as executor:
-                # Submit all save tasks
-                future_to_uuid = {executor.submit(save_single_watch, uuid): uuid for uuid in batch}
-
-                # Collect results as they complete
-                for future in as_completed(future_to_uuid):
-                    result = future.result()
-                    status = result['status']
-
-                    if status == 'saved':
-                        saved_count += 1
-                    elif status == 'unchanged':
-                        skipped_unchanged += 1
-                    elif status == 'error':
-                        error_count += 1
-                        # Re-mark for retry
-                        with self.lock:
-                            self._dirty_watches.add(result['uuid'])
-                    # 'deleted' and 'skipped' don't need special handling
-
-        # Save settings if changed
-        if dirty_settings:
-            try:
-                self._save_settings()
-                logger.debug("Saved settings")
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Failed to save settings: {e}")
-                error_count += 1
-                with self.lock:
-                    self._dirty_settings = True
-
-        # Update metrics
-        elapsed = time.time() - start_time
-        self._save_cycle_count += 1
-        self._total_saves += saved_count
-        self._save_errors += error_count
-        self._last_save_time = time.time()
-
-        # Log performance metrics
-        if saved_count > 0:
-            avg_time_per_watch = (elapsed / saved_count) * 1000  # milliseconds
-            skipped_msg = f", {skipped_unchanged} unchanged" if skipped_unchanged > 0 else ""
-            parallel_msg = f" [parallel: {MAX_WORKERS} workers]" if saved_count > 1 else ""
-            logger.info(
-                f"Successfully saved {saved_count} watches in {elapsed:.2f}s "
-                f"(avg {avg_time_per_watch:.1f}ms per watch{skipped_msg}){parallel_msg}. "
-                f"Total: {self._total_saves} saves, {self._save_errors} errors (lifetime)"
-            )
-        elif skipped_unchanged > 0:
-            logger.debug(f"Save cycle: {skipped_unchanged} watches verified unchanged (hash match), nothing saved")
-
-        if error_count > 0:
-            logger.error(f"Save cycle completed with {error_count} errors")
-
-        self.needs_write = False
-        self.needs_write_urgent = False
-
-    def _watch_exists(self, uuid):
-        """
-        Check if watch exists. Subclass must implement.
-
-        Args:
-            uuid: Watch UUID
-
-        Returns:
-            bool
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement _watch_exists")
-
-    def _get_watch_dict(self, uuid):
-        """
-        Get watch as dictionary. Subclass must implement.
-
-        Args:
-            uuid: Watch UUID
-
-        Returns:
-            Dictionary representation of watch
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement _get_watch_dict")
-
-    def _audit_all_watches(self):
-        """
-        Rolling audit: Scans a fraction of watches to detect unmarked changes.
-
-        Instead of scanning ALL watches at once, this scans 1/N shards per cycle.
-        The shard rotates each cycle, completing a full audit every N cycles.
-
-        Handles dynamic watch count - recalculates shard boundaries each cycle,
-        so newly added watches will be audited in subsequent cycles.
-
-        Benefits:
-        - Lower CPU per cycle (56k / 5 = ~11k watches vs all 56k)
-        - More frequent audits overall (every 50s vs every 10s)
-        - Spreads load evenly across time
-        """
-        audit_start = time.time()
-
-        # Get list of all watch UUIDs (read-only, no lock needed)
-        try:
-            all_uuids = list(self.data['watching'].keys())
-        except (KeyError, AttributeError, RuntimeError):
-            # Data structure not ready or being modified
-            return
-
-        if not all_uuids:
-            return
-
-        total_watches = len(all_uuids)
-
-        # Calculate this cycle's shard boundaries
-        # Example: 56,278 watches / 5 shards = 11,255 watches per shard
-        # Shard 0: [0:11255], Shard 1: [11255:22510], etc.
-        shard_size = (total_watches + DATASTORE_AUDIT_SHARDS - 1) // DATASTORE_AUDIT_SHARDS
-        start_idx = self._audit_shard_index * shard_size
-        end_idx = min(start_idx + shard_size, total_watches)
-
-        # Handle wrap-around (shouldn't happen normally, but defensive)
-        if start_idx >= total_watches:
-            self._audit_shard_index = 0
-            start_idx = 0
-            end_idx = min(shard_size, total_watches)
-
-        # Audit only this shard's watches
-        shard_uuids = all_uuids[start_idx:end_idx]
-
-        changes_found = 0
-        errors = 0
-
-        for uuid in shard_uuids:
-            try:
-                # Get current watch dict and compute hash
-                watch_dict = self._get_watch_dict(uuid)
-                current_hash = self._compute_hash(watch_dict)
-                stored_hash = self._watch_hashes.get(uuid)
-
-                # If hash changed and not already marked dirty, mark it
-                if current_hash != stored_hash:
-                    with self.lock:
-                        if uuid not in self._dirty_watches:
-                            self._dirty_watches.add(uuid)
-                            changes_found += 1
-                            logger.warning(
-                                f"Audit detected unmarked change in watch {uuid[:8]}... current {current_hash:8} stored hash {stored_hash[:8]}"
-                                f"(hash changed but not marked dirty)"
-                            )
-                            self.needs_write = True
-            except Exception as e:
-                errors += 1
-                logger.trace(f"Audit error for watch {uuid[:8]}...: {e}")
-
-        audit_elapsed = (time.time() - audit_start) * 1000  # milliseconds
-
-        # Advance to next shard (wrap around after last shard)
-        self._audit_shard_index = (self._audit_shard_index + 1) % DATASTORE_AUDIT_SHARDS
-
-        # Update metrics
-        self._audit_count += 1
-        self._audit_found_changes += changes_found
-        self._last_audit_time = time.time()
-
-        if changes_found > 0:
-            logger.warning(
-                f"Audit shard {self._audit_shard_index}/{DATASTORE_AUDIT_SHARDS} found {changes_found} "
-                f"unmarked changes in {len(shard_uuids)}/{total_watches} watches ({audit_elapsed:.1f}ms)"
-            )
-        else:
-            logger.trace(
-                f"Audit shard {self._audit_shard_index}/{DATASTORE_AUDIT_SHARDS}: "
-                f"{len(shard_uuids)}/{total_watches} watches checked, 0 changes ({audit_elapsed:.1f}ms)"
-            )
-
-    def save_datastore(self):
-        """
-        Background thread that periodically saves dirty items and audits watches.
-
-        Runs two independent cycles:
-        1. Save dirty items every DATASTORE_SCAN_DIRTY_SAVE_INTERVAL_SECONDS (default 10s)
-        2. Rolling audit: every DATASTORE_AUDIT_INTERVAL_SECONDS (default 10s)
-           - Scans 1/DATASTORE_AUDIT_SHARDS watches per cycle (default 1/5)
-           - Full audit completes every 50s (10s × 5 shards)
-           - Automatically handles new/deleted watches
-
-        Uses 0.5s sleep intervals for responsiveness to urgent saves.
-        """
-        while True:
-            if self.stop_thread:
-                # Graceful shutdown: flush any remaining dirty items before stopping
-                if self.needs_write or self._dirty_watches or self._dirty_settings:
-                    logger.warning("Datastore save thread stopping - flushing remaining dirty items...")
-                    try:
-                        self._save_dirty_items()
-                        logger.info("Graceful shutdown complete - all data saved")
-                    except Exception as e:
-                        logger.critical(f"FAILED to save dirty items during shutdown: {e}")
-                else:
-                    logger.info("Datastore save thread stopping - no dirty items")
-                return
-
-            # Check if it's time to run audit scan (every N seconds)
-            if time.time() - self._last_audit_time >= DATASTORE_AUDIT_INTERVAL_SECONDS:
-                try:
-                    self._audit_all_watches()
-                except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"Error in audit cycle: {e}")
-
-            # Save dirty items if needed
-            if self.needs_write or self.needs_write_urgent:
-                try:
-                    self._save_dirty_items()
-                except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"Error in save cycle: {e}")
-
-            # Timer with early break for urgent saves
-            # Each iteration is 0.5 seconds, so iterations = DATASTORE_SCAN_DIRTY_SAVE_INTERVAL_SECONDS * 2
-            for i in range(DATASTORE_SCAN_DIRTY_SAVE_INTERVAL_SECONDS * 2):
-                time.sleep(0.5)
-                if self.stop_thread or self.needs_write_urgent:
-                    break
-
-    def start_save_thread(self):
-        """Start the background save thread."""
-        if not self.save_data_thread or not self.save_data_thread.is_alive():
-            self.save_data_thread = Thread(target=self.save_datastore, daemon=True, name="DatastoreSaver")
-            self.save_data_thread.start()
-            logger.info("Datastore save thread started")
-
-    def force_save_all(self):
-        """
-        Force immediate synchronous save of all changes to storage.
-
-        File backend implementation of the abstract force_save_all() method.
-        Marks all watches and settings as dirty, then saves immediately.
-
-        Used by:
-        - Backup creation (ensure everything is saved before backup)
-        - Shutdown (ensure all changes are persisted)
-        - Manual save operations
-        """
-        logger.info("Force saving all data to storage...")
-
-        # Mark everything as dirty to ensure complete save
-        for uuid in self.data['watching'].keys():
-            self.mark_watch_dirty(uuid)
-        self.mark_settings_dirty()
-
-        # Save immediately (synchronous)
-        self._save_dirty_items()
-
-        logger.success("All data saved to storage")
-
-    def get_health_status(self):
-        """
-        Get datastore health status for monitoring.
-
-        Returns:
-            dict with health metrics and status
-        """
-        now = time.time()
-        time_since_last_save = now - self._last_save_time
-
-        with self.lock:
-            dirty_count = len(self._dirty_watches)
-
-        is_thread_alive = self.save_data_thread and self.save_data_thread.is_alive()
-
-        # Determine health status
-        if not is_thread_alive:
-            status = "CRITICAL"
-            message = "Save thread is DEAD"
-        elif time_since_last_save > 300:  # 5 minutes
-            status = "WARNING"
-            message = f"No save activity for {time_since_last_save:.0f}s"
-        elif dirty_count > 1000:
-            status = "WARNING"
-            message = f"High backpressure: {dirty_count} watches pending"
-        elif self._save_errors > 0 and (self._save_errors / max(self._total_saves, 1)) > 0.01:
-            status = "WARNING"
-            message = f"High error rate: {self._save_errors} errors"
-        else:
-            status = "HEALTHY"
-            message = "Operating normally"
-
-        return {
-            "status": status,
-            "message": message,
-            "thread_alive": is_thread_alive,
-            "dirty_watches": dirty_count,
-            "dirty_settings": self._dirty_settings,
-            "last_save_seconds_ago": int(time_since_last_save),
-            "save_cycles": self._save_cycle_count,
-            "total_saves": self._total_saves,
-            "total_errors": self._save_errors,
-            "error_rate_percent": round((self._save_errors / max(self._total_saves, 1)) * 100, 2)
-        }
diff --git a/changedetectionio/store/updates.py b/changedetectionio/store/updates.py
index 371253255..3634f0181 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/store/updates.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/store/updates.py
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class DatastoreUpdatesMixin:
                     latest_update = updates_available[-1] if updates_available else 0
                     logger.info(f"No schema version found and no watches exist - assuming fresh install, setting schema_version to {latest_update}")
                     self.data['settings']['application']['schema_version'] = latest_update
-                    self.mark_settings_dirty()
+                    self.commit()
                     return  # No updates needed for fresh install
                 else:
                     # Has watches but no schema version - likely old datastore, run all updates
@@ -201,14 +201,14 @@ class DatastoreUpdatesMixin:
                 else:
                     # Bump the version, important
                     self.data['settings']['application']['schema_version'] = update_n
-                    self.mark_settings_dirty()
+                    self.commit()
 
-                    # CRITICAL: Mark all watches as dirty so changes are persisted
+                    # CRITICAL: Save all watches so changes are persisted
                     # Most updates modify watches, and in the new individual watch.json structure,
                     # we need to ensure those changes are saved
-                    logger.info(f"Marking all {len(self.data['watching'])} watches as dirty after update_{update_n} (so that it saves them to disk)")
+                    logger.info(f"Saving all {len(self.data['watching'])} watches after update_{update_n} (so that it saves them to disk)")
                     for uuid in self.data['watching'].keys():
-                        self.mark_watch_dirty(uuid)
+                        self.data['watching'][uuid].commit()
 
                     # Save changes immediately after each update (more resilient than batching)
                     logger.critical(f"Saving all changes after update_{update_n}")
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ class DatastoreUpdatesMixin:
         updates_available = self.get_updates_available()
         latest_schema = updates_available[-1] if updates_available else 26
         self.data['settings']['application']['schema_version'] = latest_schema
-        self.mark_settings_dirty()
+        self.commit()
         logger.info(f"Set schema_version to {latest_schema} (migration complete, all watches already saved)")
 
         logger.critical("=" * 80)
diff --git a/changedetectionio/tests/conftest.py b/changedetectionio/tests/conftest.py
index 5a71bcf5d..9ef4a41b2 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/tests/conftest.py
@@ -308,10 +308,6 @@ def prepare_test_function(live_server, datastore_path):
 
 
 
-    # Prevent background thread from writing during cleanup/reload
-    datastore.needs_write = False
-    datastore.needs_write_urgent = False
-
     # CRITICAL: Clean up any files from previous tests
     # This ensures a completely clean directory
     cleanup(datastore_path)
@@ -344,7 +340,6 @@ def prepare_test_function(live_server, datastore_path):
                 break
 
         datastore.data['watching'] = {}
-        datastore.needs_write = True
     except Exception as e:
         logger.warning(f"Error during datastore cleanup: {e}")
 
diff --git a/changedetectionio/tests/test_api.py b/changedetectionio/tests/test_api.py
index 19f1d0f6b..659ff897d 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/tests/test_api.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/tests/test_api.py
@@ -465,7 +465,10 @@ def test_api_watch_PUT_update(client, live_server, measure_memory_usage, datasto
 
     assert res.status_code == 400, "Should get error 400 when we give a field that doesnt exist"
     # Message will come from `flask_expects_json`
-    assert b'Additional properties are not allowed' in res.data
+    # With patternProperties for processor_config_*, the error message format changed slightly
+    assert (b'Additional properties are not allowed' in res.data or
+            b'does not match any of the regexes' in res.data), \
+            "Should reject unknown fields with schema validation error"
 
 
     # Try a XSS URL
diff --git a/changedetectionio/tests/test_api_openapi.py b/changedetectionio/tests/test_api_openapi.py
index 2adc2fbc0..e5b22c051 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/tests/test_api_openapi.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/tests/test_api_openapi.py
@@ -80,7 +80,10 @@ def test_openapi_validation_invalid_field_in_request_body(client, live_server, m
     # Should get 400 error due to invalid field (this will be caught by internal validation)
     # Note: This tests the flow where OpenAPI validation passes but internal validation catches it
     assert res.status_code == 400, f"Expected 400 but got {res.status_code}"
-    assert b"Additional properties are not allowed" in res.data, "Should contain validation error about additional properties"
+    # With patternProperties for processor_config_*, the error message format changed slightly
+    assert (b"Additional properties are not allowed" in res.data or
+            b"does not match any of the regexes" in res.data), \
+            "Should contain validation error about additional/invalid properties"
 
 
 def test_openapi_validation_import_wrong_content_type(client, live_server, measure_memory_usage, datastore_path):
diff --git a/changedetectionio/tests/test_commit_persistence.py b/changedetectionio/tests/test_commit_persistence.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d8d062bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changedetectionio/tests/test_commit_persistence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Tests for immediate commit-based persistence system.
+
+Tests cover:
+- Watch.commit() persistence to disk
+- Concurrent commit safety (race conditions)
+- Processor config separation
+- Data loss prevention (settings, tags, watch modifications)
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import threading
+import time
+from flask import url_for
+from .util import wait_for_all_checks
+
+
+# ==============================================================================
+# 2. Commit() Persistence Tests
+# ==============================================================================
+
+def test_watch_commit_persists_to_disk(client, live_server):
+    """Test that watch.commit() actually writes to watch.json immediately"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    # Create a watch
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com', extras={'title': 'Original Title'})
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # Modify and commit
+    watch['title'] = 'Modified Title'
+    watch['paused'] = True
+    watch.commit()
+
+    # Read directly from disk (bypass datastore cache)
+    watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+    assert os.path.exists(watch_json_path), "watch.json should exist on disk"
+
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        disk_data = json.load(f)
+
+    assert disk_data['title'] == 'Modified Title', "Title should be persisted to disk"
+    assert disk_data['paused'] == True, "Paused state should be persisted to disk"
+    assert disk_data['uuid'] == uuid, "UUID should match"
+
+
+def test_watch_commit_survives_reload(client, live_server):
+    """Test that committed changes survive datastore reload"""
+    from changedetectionio.store import ChangeDetectionStore
+
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+    datastore_path = datastore.datastore_path
+
+    # Create and modify a watch
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com', extras={'title': 'Test Watch'})
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+    watch['title'] = 'Persisted Title'
+    watch['paused'] = True
+    watch['tags'] = ['tag-1', 'tag-2']
+    watch.commit()
+
+    # Simulate app restart - create new datastore instance
+    datastore2 = ChangeDetectionStore(datastore_path=datastore_path)
+    datastore2.reload_state(
+        datastore_path=datastore_path,
+        include_default_watches=False,
+        version_tag='test'
+    )
+
+    # Check data survived
+    assert uuid in datastore2.data['watching'], "Watch should exist after reload"
+    reloaded_watch = datastore2.data['watching'][uuid]
+    assert reloaded_watch['title'] == 'Persisted Title', "Title should survive reload"
+    assert reloaded_watch['paused'] == True, "Paused state should survive reload"
+    assert reloaded_watch['tags'] == ['tag-1', 'tag-2'], "Tags should survive reload"
+
+
+def test_watch_commit_atomic_on_crash(client, live_server):
+    """Test that atomic writes prevent corruption (temp file pattern)"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com', extras={'title': 'Original'})
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # First successful commit
+    watch['title'] = 'First Save'
+    watch.commit()
+
+    # Verify watch.json exists and is valid
+    watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)  # Should not raise JSONDecodeError
+        assert data['title'] == 'First Save'
+
+    # Second commit - even if interrupted, original file should be intact
+    # (atomic write uses temp file + rename, so original is never corrupted)
+    watch['title'] = 'Second Save'
+    watch.commit()
+
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)
+        assert data['title'] == 'Second Save'
+
+
+def test_multiple_watches_commit_independently(client, live_server):
+    """Test that committing one watch doesn't affect others"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    # Create multiple watches
+    uuid1 = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example1.com', extras={'title': 'Watch 1'})
+    uuid2 = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example2.com', extras={'title': 'Watch 2'})
+    uuid3 = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example3.com', extras={'title': 'Watch 3'})
+
+    watch1 = datastore.data['watching'][uuid1]
+    watch2 = datastore.data['watching'][uuid2]
+    watch3 = datastore.data['watching'][uuid3]
+
+    # Modify and commit only watch2
+    watch2['title'] = 'Modified Watch 2'
+    watch2['paused'] = True
+    watch2.commit()
+
+    # Read all from disk
+    def read_watch_json(uuid):
+        watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+        path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+        with open(path, 'r') as f:
+            return json.load(f)
+
+    data1 = read_watch_json(uuid1)
+    data2 = read_watch_json(uuid2)
+    data3 = read_watch_json(uuid3)
+
+    # Only watch2 should have changes
+    assert data1['title'] == 'Watch 1', "Watch 1 should be unchanged"
+    assert data1['paused'] == False, "Watch 1 should not be paused"
+
+    assert data2['title'] == 'Modified Watch 2', "Watch 2 should be modified"
+    assert data2['paused'] == True, "Watch 2 should be paused"
+
+    assert data3['title'] == 'Watch 3', "Watch 3 should be unchanged"
+    assert data3['paused'] == False, "Watch 3 should not be paused"
+
+
+# ==============================================================================
+# 3. Concurrency/Race Condition Tests
+# ==============================================================================
+
+def test_concurrent_watch_commits_dont_corrupt(client, live_server):
+    """Test that simultaneous commits to same watch don't corrupt JSON"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com', extras={'title': 'Test'})
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    errors = []
+
+    def modify_and_commit(field, value):
+        try:
+            watch[field] = value
+            watch.commit()
+        except Exception as e:
+            errors.append(e)
+
+    # Run 10 concurrent commits
+    threads = []
+    for i in range(10):
+        t = threading.Thread(target=modify_and_commit, args=('title', f'Title {i}'))
+        threads.append(t)
+        t.start()
+
+    for t in threads:
+        t.join()
+
+    # Should not have any errors
+    assert len(errors) == 0, f"Expected no errors, got: {errors}"
+
+    # JSON file should still be valid (not corrupted)
+    watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)  # Should not raise JSONDecodeError
+        assert data['uuid'] == uuid, "UUID should still be correct"
+        assert 'Title' in data['title'], "Title should contain 'Title'"
+
+
+def test_concurrent_modifications_during_commit(client, live_server):
+    """Test that modifying watch during commit doesn't cause RuntimeError"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com', extras={'title': 'Test'})
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    errors = []
+    stop_flag = threading.Event()
+
+    def keep_modifying():
+        """Continuously modify watch"""
+        try:
+            i = 0
+            while not stop_flag.is_set():
+                watch['title'] = f'Title {i}'
+                watch['paused'] = i % 2 == 0
+                i += 1
+                time.sleep(0.001)
+        except Exception as e:
+            errors.append(('modifier', e))
+
+    def keep_committing():
+        """Continuously commit watch"""
+        try:
+            for _ in range(20):
+                watch.commit()
+                time.sleep(0.005)
+        except Exception as e:
+            errors.append(('committer', e))
+
+    # Start concurrent modification and commits
+    modifier = threading.Thread(target=keep_modifying)
+    committer = threading.Thread(target=keep_committing)
+
+    modifier.start()
+    committer.start()
+
+    committer.join()
+    stop_flag.set()
+    modifier.join()
+
+    # Should not have RuntimeError from dict changing during iteration
+    runtime_errors = [e for source, e in errors if isinstance(e, RuntimeError)]
+    assert len(runtime_errors) == 0, f"Should not have RuntimeError, got: {runtime_errors}"
+
+
+def test_datastore_lock_protects_commit_snapshot(client, live_server):
+    """Test that datastore.lock prevents race conditions during deepcopy"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com', extras={'title': 'Test'})
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # Add some complex nested data
+    watch['browser_steps'] = [
+        {'operation': 'click', 'selector': '#foo'},
+        {'operation': 'wait', 'seconds': 5}
+    ]
+
+    errors = []
+    commits_succeeded = [0]
+
+    def rapid_commits():
+        try:
+            for i in range(50):
+                watch['title'] = f'Title {i}'
+                watch.commit()
+                commits_succeeded[0] += 1
+                time.sleep(0.001)
+        except Exception as e:
+            errors.append(e)
+
+    # Multiple threads doing rapid commits
+    threads = [threading.Thread(target=rapid_commits) for _ in range(3)]
+
+    for t in threads:
+        t.start()
+    for t in threads:
+        t.join()
+
+    assert len(errors) == 0, f"Expected no errors, got: {errors}"
+    assert commits_succeeded[0] == 150, f"Expected 150 commits, got {commits_succeeded[0]}"
+
+    # Final JSON should be valid
+    watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)
+        assert data['uuid'] == uuid
+
+
+# ==============================================================================
+# 4. Processor Config Separation Tests
+# ==============================================================================
+
+def test_processor_config_never_in_watch_json(client, live_server):
+    """Test that processor_config_* fields are filtered out of watch.json"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(
+        url='http://example.com',
+        extras={
+            'title': 'Test Watch',
+            'processor': 'restock_diff'
+        }
+    )
+
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # Try to set processor config fields (these should be filtered during commit)
+    watch['processor_config_price_threshold'] = 10.0
+    watch['processor_config_some_setting'] = 'value'
+    watch['processor_config_another'] = {'nested': 'data'}
+    watch.commit()
+
+    # Read watch.json from disk
+    watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)
+
+    # Verify processor_config_* fields are NOT in watch.json
+    for key in data.keys():
+        assert not key.startswith('processor_config_'), \
+            f"Found {key} in watch.json - processor configs should be in separate file!"
+
+    # Normal fields should still be there
+    assert data['title'] == 'Test Watch'
+    assert data['processor'] == 'restock_diff'
+
+
+def test_api_post_saves_processor_config_separately(client, live_server):
+    """Test that API POST saves processor configs to {processor}.json"""
+    import json
+    from changedetectionio.processors import extract_processor_config_from_form_data
+
+    # Get API key
+    api_key = live_server.app.config['DATASTORE'].data['settings']['application'].get('api_access_token')
+
+    # Create watch via API with processor config
+    response = client.post(
+        url_for("createwatch"),
+        data=json.dumps({
+            'url': 'http://example.com',
+            'processor': 'restock_diff',
+            'processor_config_price_threshold': 10.0,
+            'processor_config_in_stock_only': True
+        }),
+        headers={'content-type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': api_key}
+    )
+
+    assert response.status_code in (200, 201), f"Expected 200/201, got {response.status_code}"
+    uuid = response.json.get('uuid')
+    assert uuid, "Should return UUID"
+
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # Check that processor config file exists
+    processor_config_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'restock_diff.json')
+    assert os.path.exists(processor_config_path), "Processor config file should exist"
+
+    with open(processor_config_path, 'r') as f:
+        config = json.load(f)
+
+    # Verify fields are saved WITHOUT processor_config_ prefix
+    assert config.get('price_threshold') == 10.0, "Should have price_threshold (no prefix)"
+    assert config.get('in_stock_only') == True, "Should have in_stock_only (no prefix)"
+    assert 'processor_config_price_threshold' not in config, "Should NOT have prefixed keys"
+
+
+def test_api_put_saves_processor_config_separately(client, live_server):
+    """Test that API PUT updates processor configs in {processor}.json"""
+    import json
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    # Get API key
+    api_key = live_server.app.config['DATASTORE'].data['settings']['application'].get('api_access_token')
+
+    # Create watch
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(
+        url='http://example.com',
+        extras={'processor': 'restock_diff'}
+    )
+
+    # Update via API with processor config
+    response = client.put(
+        url_for("watch", uuid=uuid),
+        data=json.dumps({
+            'processor_config_price_threshold': 15.0,
+            'processor_config_min_stock': 5
+        }),
+        headers={'content-type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': api_key}
+    )
+
+    # PUT might return different status codes, 200 or 204 are both OK
+    assert response.status_code in (200, 204), f"Expected 200/204, got {response.status_code}: {response.data}"
+
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # Check processor config file
+    processor_config_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'restock_diff.json')
+    assert os.path.exists(processor_config_path), "Processor config file should exist"
+
+    with open(processor_config_path, 'r') as f:
+        config = json.load(f)
+
+    assert config.get('price_threshold') == 15.0, "Should have updated price_threshold"
+    assert config.get('min_stock') == 5, "Should have min_stock"
+
+
+def test_ui_edit_saves_processor_config_separately(client, live_server):
+    """Test that processor_config_* fields never appear in watch.json (even from UI)"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    # Create watch
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(
+        url='http://example.com',
+        extras={'processor': 'text_json_diff', 'title': 'Test'}
+    )
+
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # Simulate someone accidentally trying to set processor_config fields directly
+    watch['processor_config_should_not_save'] = 'test_value'
+    watch['processor_config_another_field'] = 123
+    watch['normal_field'] = 'this_should_save'
+    watch.commit()
+
+    # Check watch.json has NO processor_config_* fields (main point of this test)
+    watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        watch_data = json.load(f)
+
+    for key in watch_data.keys():
+        assert not key.startswith('processor_config_'), \
+            f"Found {key} in watch.json - processor configs should be filtered during commit"
+
+    # Verify normal fields still save
+    assert watch_data['normal_field'] == 'this_should_save', "Normal fields should save"
+    assert watch_data['title'] == 'Test', "Original fields should still be there"
+
+
+def test_browser_steps_normalized_to_empty_list(client, live_server):
+    """Test that meaningless browser_steps are normalized to [] during commit"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com')
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # Set browser_steps to meaningless values
+    watch['browser_steps'] = [
+        {'operation': 'Choose one', 'selector': ''},
+        {'operation': 'Goto site', 'selector': ''},
+        {'operation': '', 'selector': '#foo'}
+    ]
+    watch.commit()
+
+    # Read from disk
+    watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)
+
+    # Should be normalized to empty list
+    assert data['browser_steps'] == [], "Meaningless browser_steps should be normalized to []"
+
+
+# ==============================================================================
+# 5. Data Loss Prevention Tests
+# ==============================================================================
+
+def test_settings_persist_after_update(client, live_server):
+    """Test that settings updates are committed and survive restart"""
+    from changedetectionio.store import ChangeDetectionStore
+
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+    datastore_path = datastore.datastore_path
+
+    # Update settings directly (bypass form validation issues)
+    datastore.data['settings']['application']['empty_pages_are_a_change'] = True
+    datastore.data['settings']['application']['fetch_backend'] = 'html_requests'
+    datastore.data['settings']['requests']['time_between_check']['minutes'] = 120
+    datastore.commit()
+
+    # Simulate restart
+    datastore2 = ChangeDetectionStore(datastore_path=datastore_path)
+    datastore2.reload_state(
+        datastore_path=datastore_path,
+        include_default_watches=False,
+        version_tag='test'
+    )
+
+    # Verify settings survived
+    assert datastore2.data['settings']['application']['empty_pages_are_a_change'] == True, "empty_pages_are_a_change should persist"
+    assert datastore2.data['settings']['application']['fetch_backend'] == 'html_requests', "fetch_backend should persist"
+    assert datastore2.data['settings']['requests']['time_between_check']['minutes'] == 120, "time_between_check should persist"
+
+
+def test_tag_mute_persists(client, live_server):
+    """Test that tag mute/unmute operations persist"""
+    from changedetectionio.store import ChangeDetectionStore
+
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+    datastore_path = datastore.datastore_path
+
+    # Add a tag
+    tag_uuid = datastore.add_tag('Test Tag')
+
+    # Mute the tag
+    response = client.get(url_for("tags.mute", uuid=tag_uuid))
+    assert response.status_code == 302  # Redirect
+
+    # Verify muted in memory
+    assert datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags'][tag_uuid]['notification_muted'] == True
+
+    # Simulate restart
+    datastore2 = ChangeDetectionStore(datastore_path=datastore_path)
+    datastore2.reload_state(
+        datastore_path=datastore_path,
+        include_default_watches=False,
+        version_tag='test'
+    )
+
+    # Verify mute state survived
+    assert tag_uuid in datastore2.data['settings']['application']['tags']
+    assert datastore2.data['settings']['application']['tags'][tag_uuid]['notification_muted'] == True
+
+
+def test_tag_delete_removes_from_watches(client, live_server):
+    """Test that deleting a tag removes it from all watches"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    # Create a tag
+    tag_uuid = datastore.add_tag('Test Tag')
+
+    # Create watches with this tag
+    uuid1 = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example1.com')
+    uuid2 = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example2.com')
+    uuid3 = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example3.com')
+
+    watch1 = datastore.data['watching'][uuid1]
+    watch2 = datastore.data['watching'][uuid2]
+    watch3 = datastore.data['watching'][uuid3]
+
+    watch1['tags'] = [tag_uuid]
+    watch1.commit()
+    watch2['tags'] = [tag_uuid, 'other-tag']
+    watch2.commit()
+    # watch3 has no tags
+
+    # Delete the tag
+    response = client.get(url_for("tags.delete", uuid=tag_uuid))
+    assert response.status_code == 302
+
+    # Wait for background thread to complete
+    time.sleep(1)
+
+    # Tag should be removed from settings
+    assert tag_uuid not in datastore.data['settings']['application']['tags']
+
+    # Tag should be removed from watches and persisted
+    def check_watch_tags(uuid):
+        watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+        watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+        with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+            return json.load(f)['tags']
+
+    assert tag_uuid not in check_watch_tags(uuid1), "Tag should be removed from watch1"
+    assert tag_uuid not in check_watch_tags(uuid2), "Tag should be removed from watch2"
+    assert 'other-tag' in check_watch_tags(uuid2), "Other tags should remain in watch2"
+    assert check_watch_tags(uuid3) == [], "Watch3 should still have empty tags"
+
+
+def test_watch_pause_unpause_persists(client, live_server):
+    """Test that pause/unpause operations commit and persist"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    # Get API key
+    api_key = live_server.app.config['DATASTORE'].data['settings']['application'].get('api_access_token')
+
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com')
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # Pause via API
+    response = client.get(url_for("watch", uuid=uuid, paused='paused'), headers={'x-api-key': api_key})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+
+    # Check persisted to disk
+    watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)
+    assert data['paused'] == True, "Pause should be persisted"
+
+    # Unpause
+    response = client.get(url_for("watch", uuid=uuid, paused='unpaused'), headers={'x-api-key': api_key})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)
+    assert data['paused'] == False, "Unpause should be persisted"
+
+
+def test_watch_mute_unmute_persists(client, live_server):
+    """Test that mute/unmute operations commit and persist"""
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+
+    # Get API key
+    api_key = live_server.app.config['DATASTORE'].data['settings']['application'].get('api_access_token')
+
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com')
+    watch = datastore.data['watching'][uuid]
+
+    # Mute via API
+    response = client.get(url_for("watch", uuid=uuid, muted='muted'), headers={'x-api-key': api_key})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+
+    # Check persisted to disk
+    watch_json_path = os.path.join(watch.watch_data_dir, 'watch.json')
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)
+    assert data['notification_muted'] == True, "Mute should be persisted"
+
+    # Unmute
+    response = client.get(url_for("watch", uuid=uuid, muted='unmuted'), headers={'x-api-key': api_key})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+
+    with open(watch_json_path, 'r') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)
+    assert data['notification_muted'] == False, "Unmute should be persisted"
+
+
+def test_ui_watch_edit_persists_all_fields(client, live_server):
+    """Test that UI watch edit form persists all modified fields"""
+    from changedetectionio.store import ChangeDetectionStore
+
+    datastore = client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')
+    datastore_path = datastore.datastore_path
+
+    # Create watch
+    uuid = datastore.add_watch(url='http://example.com')
+
+    # Edit via UI with multiple field changes
+    response = client.post(
+        url_for("ui.ui_edit.edit_page", uuid=uuid),
+        data={
+            'url': 'http://updated-example.com',
+            'title': 'Updated Watch Title',
+            'time_between_check-hours': '2',
+            'time_between_check-minutes': '30',
+            'include_filters': '#content',
+            'fetch_backend': 'html_requests',
+            'method': 'POST',
+            'ignore_text': 'Advertisement\nTracking'
+        },
+        follow_redirects=True
+    )
+
+    assert b"Updated watch" in response.data or b"Saved" in response.data
+
+    # Simulate restart
+    datastore2 = ChangeDetectionStore(datastore_path=datastore_path)
+    datastore2.reload_state(
+        datastore_path=datastore_path,
+        include_default_watches=False,
+        version_tag='test'
+    )
+
+    # Verify all fields survived
+    watch = datastore2.data['watching'][uuid]
+    assert watch['url'] == 'http://updated-example.com'
+    assert watch['title'] == 'Updated Watch Title'
+    assert watch['time_between_check']['hours'] == 2
+    assert watch['time_between_check']['minutes'] == 30
+    assert watch['fetch_backend'] == 'html_requests'
+    assert watch['method'] == 'POST'
diff --git a/changedetectionio/tests/util.py b/changedetectionio/tests/util.py
index d79d3c74a..81dfdc8d6 100644
--- a/changedetectionio/tests/util.py
+++ b/changedetectionio/tests/util.py
@@ -161,11 +161,6 @@ def extract_UUID_from_client(client):
 
 def delete_all_watches(client=None):
 
-    # Change tracking
-    client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')._dirty_watches = set()      # Watch UUIDs that need saving
-    client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')._dirty_settings = False     # Settings changed
-    client.application.config.get('DATASTORE')._watch_hashes = {}          # UUID -> SHA256 hash for change detection
-
     uuids = list(client.application.config.get('DATASTORE').data['watching'])
     for uuid in uuids:
         client.application.config.get('DATASTORE').delete(uuid)