diff --git a/src/backend/drivers/ai-image/providers/replicate/ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.test.ts b/src/backend/drivers/ai-image/providers/replicate/ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83d7b0eb4
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+++ b/src/backend/drivers/ai-image/providers/replicate/ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-present Puter Technologies Inc.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Puter.
+ *
+ * Puter is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see .
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Offline unit tests for ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.
+ *
+ * Boots a real PuterServer (in-memory sqlite + dynamo + s3 + mock
+ * redis) and constructs the provider directly against the live wired
+ * `MeteringService`. The Replicate SDK is mocked at the module
+ * boundary; the provider's `secureFetch` for measuring input image
+ * megapixels is also stubbed, since input-image flows would otherwise
+ * try to make a real network round-trip. Covers per-image and
+ * megapixel billing schemes plus the param-aliasing / -transform /
+ * -filtering machinery.
+ */
+
+import {
+ afterAll,
+ afterEach,
+ beforeAll,
+ beforeEach,
+ describe,
+ expect,
+ it,
+ vi,
+ type MockInstance,
+} from 'vitest';
+
+import type { MeteringService } from '../../../../services/metering/MeteringService.js';
+import { PuterServer } from '../../../../server.js';
+import { setupTestServer } from '../../../../testUtil.js';
+import { withTestActor } from '../../../integrationTestUtil.js';
+import { ReplicateImageGenerationProvider } from './ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.js';
+import { REPLICATE_IMAGE_GENERATION_MODELS } from './models.js';
+
+// ── Replicate SDK mock ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const { runMock, replicateCtor } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+ runMock: vi.fn(),
+ replicateCtor: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('replicate', () => {
+ const Replicate = vi.fn().mockImplementation(function (
+ this: Record,
+ opts: unknown,
+ ) {
+ replicateCtor(opts);
+ this.run = runMock;
+ });
+ return { default: Replicate };
+});
+
+// ── secureFetch stub ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const { secureFetchMock } = vi.hoisted(() => ({ secureFetchMock: vi.fn() }));
+
+vi.mock('../../../../util/secureHttp.js', () => ({
+ secureFetch: secureFetchMock,
+}));
+
+// ── Test harness ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+let server: PuterServer;
+let hasCreditsSpy: MockInstance;
+let incrementUsageSpy: MockInstance;
+let batchIncrementUsagesSpy: MockInstance<
+ MeteringService['batchIncrementUsages']
+>;
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+ server = await setupTestServer();
+});
+
+afterAll(async () => {
+ await server?.shutdown();
+});
+
+const makeProvider = () =>
+ new ReplicateImageGenerationProvider(
+ { apiKey: 'test-key' },
+ server.services.metering,
+ );
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+ runMock.mockReset();
+ replicateCtor.mockReset();
+ secureFetchMock.mockReset();
+ hasCreditsSpy = vi.spyOn(server.services.metering, 'hasEnoughCredits');
+ incrementUsageSpy = vi.spyOn(server.services.metering, 'incrementUsage');
+ batchIncrementUsagesSpy = vi.spyOn(
+ server.services.metering,
+ 'batchIncrementUsages',
+ );
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+ vi.restoreAllMocks();
+});
+
+// ── Construction ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('ReplicateImageGenerationProvider construction', () => {
+ it('constructs the Replicate SDK with auth=apiKey', () => {
+ makeProvider();
+ expect(replicateCtor).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+ expect(replicateCtor).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ auth: 'test-key' });
+ });
+
+ it('throws when no apiKey is supplied', () => {
+ expect(
+ () =>
+ new ReplicateImageGenerationProvider(
+ { apiKey: '' },
+ server.services.metering,
+ ),
+ ).toThrow(/API key/i);
+ });
+});
+
+// ── Model catalog ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('ReplicateImageGenerationProvider model catalog', () => {
+ it('returns black-forest-labs/flux-schnell as the default', () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ expect(provider.getDefaultModel()).toBe(
+ 'black-forest-labs/flux-schnell',
+ );
+ });
+
+ it('exposes the static REPLICATE_IMAGE_GENERATION_MODELS list verbatim', () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ expect(provider.models()).toBe(REPLICATE_IMAGE_GENERATION_MODELS);
+ });
+});
+
+// ── test_mode bypass ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.generate test_mode', () => {
+ it('returns the canned sample URL without hitting credits or the SDK', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ const result = await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({ prompt: 'something', test_mode: true }),
+ );
+ expect(result).toBe(
+ 'https://puter-sample-data.puter.site/image_example.png',
+ );
+ expect(hasCreditsSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+ expect(runMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+ });
+});
+
+// ── Argument validation ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.generate argument validation', () => {
+ it('throws 400 when prompt is missing or empty', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ await expect(
+ withTestActor(() => provider.generate({ prompt: '' })),
+ ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400 });
+ expect(runMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+ });
+});
+
+// ── Credit gate ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.generate credit gate', () => {
+ it('throws 402 BEFORE hitting Replicate when actor lacks credits', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ hasCreditsSpy.mockResolvedValueOnce(false);
+ await expect(
+ withTestActor(() => provider.generate({ prompt: 'hi' })),
+ ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 402 });
+ expect(runMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+ });
+});
+
+// ── per-image billing (flux-schnell) ───────────────────────────────
+
+describe('ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.generate per-image billing', () => {
+ it('routes to with prompt + aspect_ratio and meters one output line', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(['https://r.example/img.png']);
+
+ const result = await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-schnell',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ ratio: { w: 1920, h: 1080 }, // gcd → "16:9"
+ }),
+ );
+
+ expect(result).toBe('https://r.example/img.png');
+ expect(runMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+ const [replicateId, opts] = runMock.mock.calls[0]!;
+ expect(replicateId).toBe('black-forest-labs/flux-schnell');
+ expect(opts.input.prompt).toBe('hi');
+ expect(opts.input.aspect_ratio).toBe('16:9');
+
+ // flux-schnell: per-image @ 0.3 cents/image → 300_000 microcents.
+ expect(incrementUsageSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+ const [, usageType, amount, cost] = incrementUsageSpy.mock.calls[0]!;
+ expect(usageType).toBe(
+ 'replicate:black-forest-labs/flux-schnell:output',
+ );
+ expect(amount).toBe(1);
+ expect(cost).toBe(Math.round(0.3 * 1_000_000));
+ });
+
+ it('returns a string output verbatim and an array output by first element', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce('https://r.example/single.png');
+
+ const result1 = await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-schnell',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ }),
+ );
+ expect(result1).toBe('https://r.example/single.png');
+
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(['https://r.example/first.png', 'ignored']);
+ const result2 = await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-schnell',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ }),
+ );
+ expect(result2).toBe('https://r.example/first.png');
+ });
+
+ it('throws 400 when the SDK returns no usable URL', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce([]);
+
+ await expect(
+ withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-schnell',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ }),
+ ),
+ ).rejects.toMatchObject({ statusCode: 400 });
+ expect(incrementUsageSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+ });
+});
+
+// ── megapixel billing (flux-2-pro) ─────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.generate megapixel billing', () => {
+ it('bills run + output_mp components on a per-MP model', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(['https://r.example/img.png']);
+
+ await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-2-pro',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ ratio: { w: 1024, h: 1024 },
+ } as never),
+ );
+
+ // flux-2-pro: run=1.5, output_mp=1.5 (cents). Default outputMp=1.
+ expect(batchIncrementUsagesSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+ const [, entries] = batchIncrementUsagesSpy.mock.calls[0]!;
+ const types = (
+ entries as Array<{ usageType: string }>
+ ).map((e) => e.usageType);
+ expect(types).toEqual(
+ expect.arrayContaining([
+ 'replicate:black-forest-labs/flux-2-pro:run',
+ 'replicate:black-forest-labs/flux-2-pro:output_mp',
+ ]),
+ );
+ });
+});
+
+// ── Param filtering, aliases, and transforms ───────────────────────
+
+describe('ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.generate param filtering / aliases / transforms', () => {
+ it('drops params not in allowed_params (ignores arbitrary inputs)', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(['https://r.example/img.png']);
+
+ await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-schnell',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ seed: 42,
+ arbitrary_unknown_key: 'should-be-stripped',
+ } as never),
+ );
+
+ // mock.calls[0] = [replicateId, { input }]
+ const opts = runMock.mock.calls[0]![1];
+ expect(opts.input.seed).toBe(42); // allowed
+ expect('arbitrary_unknown_key' in opts.input).toBe(false); // dropped
+ });
+
+ it('renames canonical param keys via param_aliases (response_format → output_format, steps → num_inference_steps)', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(['https://r.example/img.png']);
+
+ await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-schnell',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ response_format: 'png',
+ steps: 4,
+ } as never),
+ );
+
+ const opts = runMock.mock.calls[0]![1];
+ expect(opts.input.output_format).toBe('png');
+ expect(opts.input.num_inference_steps).toBe(4);
+ expect('response_format' in opts.input).toBe(false);
+ expect('steps' in opts.input).toBe(false);
+ });
+
+ it('applies param_transforms: injects defaults for missing keys (flux-2-dev: go_fast=true by default)', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(['https://r.example/img.png']);
+
+ await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-2-dev',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ ratio: { w: 1024, h: 1024 },
+ } as never),
+ );
+
+ const opts = runMock.mock.calls[0]![1];
+ expect(opts.input.go_fast).toBe(true);
+ });
+
+ it('applies param_transforms: appends configured suffix (flux-2-pro: resolution gets " MP")', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(['https://r.example/img.png']);
+
+ await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-2-pro',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ ratio: { w: 1024, h: 1024 },
+ output_megapixels: '1', // aliased → resolution; transformed → "1 MP"
+ } as never),
+ );
+
+ const opts = runMock.mock.calls[0]![1];
+ expect(opts.input.resolution).toBe('1 MP');
+ });
+});
+
+// ── go_fast cost path ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('ReplicateImageGenerationProvider.generate go_fast pricing', () => {
+ it('uses the costs_go_fast map when go_fast resolves to true (flux-2-dev)', async () => {
+ const provider = makeProvider();
+ runMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(['https://r.example/img.png']);
+
+ await withTestActor(() =>
+ provider.generate({
+ model: 'black-forest-labs/flux-2-dev',
+ prompt: 'hi',
+ ratio: { w: 1024, h: 1024 },
+ // go_fast defaults to true via param_transforms.
+ } as never),
+ );
+
+ // costs_go_fast for flux-2-dev: input_mp=1.2, output_mp=1.2.
+ // Default outputMp=1, no input MP → output_mp line at 1.2 cents.
+ const [, entries] = batchIncrementUsagesSpy.mock.calls[0]!;
+ const outputMp = (
+ entries as Array<{ usageType: string; costOverride: number }>
+ ).find((e) => e.usageType.endsWith(':output_mp'));
+ expect(outputMp?.costOverride).toBe(Math.round(1.2 * 1_000_000));
+ });
+});