diff --git a/renderdoc/core/resource_manager.cpp b/renderdoc/core/resource_manager.cpp
index 2a03cdf45..fdbedcc8f 100644
--- a/renderdoc/core/resource_manager.cpp
+++ b/renderdoc/core/resource_manager.cpp
@@ -117,12 +117,6 @@ FrameRefType ComposeFrameRefsUnordered(FrameRefType first, FrameRefType second)
   RDCASSERT(eFrameRef_Minimum <= first && first <= eFrameRef_Maximum);
   RDCASSERT(eFrameRef_Minimum <= second && second <= eFrameRef_Maximum);
 
-  // The order of the reference types is irrelevant, so put them in a
-  // consistent order (`first >= second`) to reduce the number of cases to
-  // consider.
-  if(first < second)
-    std::swap(first, second);
-
   if(first == eFrameRef_Read &&
      (second == eFrameRef_PartialWrite || second == eFrameRef_CompleteWrite))
     // The resource is referenced both read and write/clear;
@@ -141,6 +135,11 @@ FrameRefType ComposeFrameRefsUnordered(FrameRefType first, FrameRefType second)
   return first;
 }
 
+FrameRefType ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint(FrameRefType x, FrameRefType y)
+{
+  return RDCMAX(x, y);
+}
+
 bool IsDirtyFrameRef(FrameRefType refType)
 {
   return (refType != eFrameRef_None && refType != eFrameRef_Read);
diff --git a/renderdoc/core/resource_manager.h b/renderdoc/core/resource_manager.h
index 738dfe62b..3fa1028f1 100644
--- a/renderdoc/core/resource_manager.h
+++ b/renderdoc/core/resource_manager.h
@@ -111,6 +111,11 @@ FrameRefType ComposeFrameRefs(FrameRefType first, FrameRefType second);
 // reset for replay.
 FrameRefType ComposeFrameRefsUnordered(FrameRefType first, FrameRefType second);
 
+// Compose frame refs for disjoint subresources.
+// This is used to compute the overall frame ref for images/memory from the
+// frame refs of their subresources.
+FrameRefType ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint(FrameRefType x, FrameRefType y);
+
 bool IsDirtyFrameRef(FrameRefType refType);
 
 // Captures the possible initialization/reset requirements for resources.
diff --git a/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_manager.cpp b/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_manager.cpp
index 6ede00524..6b9486d55 100644
--- a/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_manager.cpp
+++ b/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_manager.cpp
@@ -781,8 +781,7 @@ void VulkanResourceManager::MarkImageFrameReferenced(ResourceId img, const Image
                                                      const ImageRange &range, FrameRefType refType)
 {
   FrameRefType maxRef = MarkImageReferenced(m_ImgFrameRefs, img, imageInfo, range, refType);
-  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(
-      img, maxRef, [](FrameRefType x, FrameRefType y) -> FrameRefType { return std::max(x, y); });
+  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(img, maxRef, ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint);
 }
 
 void VulkanResourceManager::MarkMemoryFrameReferenced(ResourceId mem, VkDeviceSize offset,
@@ -791,8 +790,7 @@ void VulkanResourceManager::MarkMemoryFrameReferenced(ResourceId mem, VkDeviceSi
   SCOPED_LOCK(m_Lock);
 
   FrameRefType maxRef = MarkMemoryReferenced(m_MemFrameRefs, mem, offset, size, refType);
-  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(
-      mem, maxRef, [](FrameRefType x, FrameRefType y) -> FrameRefType { return std::max(x, y); });
+  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(mem, maxRef, ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint);
 }
 
 void VulkanResourceManager::MergeReferencedImages(std::map<ResourceId, ImgRefs> &imgRefs)
diff --git a/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_resources.cpp b/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_resources.cpp
index 0b03c4596..ffbb5729e 100644
--- a/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_resources.cpp
+++ b/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_resources.cpp
@@ -3114,8 +3114,7 @@ void VkResourceRecord::MarkImageFrameReferenced(VkResourceRecord *img, const Ima
 
   // maintain the reference type of the image itself as the maximum reference type of any
   // subresource
-  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(
-      id, maxRef, [](FrameRefType x, FrameRefType y) -> FrameRefType { return std::max(x, y); });
+  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(id, maxRef, ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint);
 }
 
 void VkResourceRecord::MarkImageViewFrameReferenced(VkResourceRecord *view, const ImageRange &range,
@@ -3148,8 +3147,7 @@ void VkResourceRecord::MarkImageViewFrameReferenced(VkResourceRecord *view, cons
 
   // maintain the reference type of the image itself as the maximum reference type of any
   // subresource
-  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(
-      img, maxRef, [](FrameRefType x, FrameRefType y) -> FrameRefType { return std::max(x, y); });
+  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(img, maxRef, ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint);
 }
 
 void VkResourceRecord::MarkMemoryFrameReferenced(ResourceId mem, VkDeviceSize offset,
@@ -3158,8 +3156,7 @@ void VkResourceRecord::MarkMemoryFrameReferenced(ResourceId mem, VkDeviceSize of
   if(refType != eFrameRef_Read && refType != eFrameRef_None)
     cmdInfo->dirtied.insert(mem);
   FrameRefType maxRef = MarkMemoryReferenced(cmdInfo->memFrameRefs, mem, offset, size, refType);
-  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(
-      mem, maxRef, [](FrameRefType x, FrameRefType y) -> FrameRefType { return std::max(x, y); });
+  MarkResourceFrameReferenced(mem, maxRef, ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint);
 }
 
 void VkResourceRecord::MarkBufferFrameReferenced(VkResourceRecord *buf, VkDeviceSize offset,
diff --git a/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_resources.h b/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_resources.h
index 394ac03a9..62c55d746 100644
--- a/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_resources.h
+++ b/renderdoc/driver/vulkan/vk_resources.h
@@ -1281,7 +1281,7 @@ FrameRefType ImgRefs::Update(ImageRange range, FrameRefType refType, Compose com
       {
         int index = (aspectIndex * splitLevelCount + level) * splitLayerCount + layer;
         rangeRefs[index] = comp(rangeRefs[index], refType);
-        maxRefType = RDCMAX(maxRefType, rangeRefs[index]);
+        maxRefType = ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint(maxRefType, rangeRefs[index]);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1310,7 +1310,7 @@ FrameRefType ImgRefs::Merge(const ImgRefs &other, Compose comp)
       {
         int index = SubresourceIndex(aspectIndex, level, layer);
         rangeRefs[index] = comp(rangeRefs[index], other.SubresourceRef(aspectIndex, level, layer));
-        maxRefType = RDCMAX(maxRefType, rangeRefs[index]);
+        maxRefType = ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint(maxRefType, rangeRefs[index]);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@ FrameRefType MemRefs::Update(VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size, FrameRefTyp
   rangeRefs.update(offset, offset + size, refType,
                    [&maxRefType, comp](FrameRefType oldRef, FrameRefType newRef) -> FrameRefType {
                      FrameRefType ref = comp(oldRef, newRef);
-                     maxRefType = std::max(maxRefType, ref);
+                     maxRefType = ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint(maxRefType, ref);
                      return ref;
                    });
   return maxRefType;
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ FrameRefType MemRefs::Merge(MemRefs &other, Compose comp)
   rangeRefs.merge(other.rangeRefs,
                   [&maxRefType, comp](FrameRefType oldRef, FrameRefType newRef) -> FrameRefType {
                     FrameRefType ref = comp(oldRef, newRef);
-                    maxRefType = std::max(maxRefType, ref);
+                    maxRefType = ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint(maxRefType, ref);
                     return ref;
                   });
   return maxRefType;
@@ -1494,7 +1494,7 @@ public:
     FrameRefType maxRef = MarkImageReferenced(descInfo->bindImgRefs, view->baseResource,
                                               view->resInfo->imageInfo, imgRange, refType);
 
-    p.second = std::max(p.second, maxRef);
+    p.second = ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint(p.second, maxRef);
   }
 
   void AddMemFrameRef(ResourceId mem, VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size, FrameRefType refType)
@@ -1517,7 +1517,7 @@ public:
     }
     FrameRefType maxRef = MarkMemoryReferenced(descInfo->bindMemRefs, mem, offset, size, refType,
                                                ComposeFrameRefsUnordered);
-    p.second = std::max(p.second, maxRef);
+    p.second = ComposeFrameRefsDisjoint(p.second, maxRef);
   }
 
   void RemoveBindFrameRef(ResourceId id)